Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Georgia

str. 3between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Georgia

London, 21 October 2019

[The Agreement is not in force]

Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty November 2019



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PREAMBLE

str. 3THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, hereinafter referred to as the 'United Kingdom' or 'the UK', of the one part, and GEORGIA, of the other part, hereafter jointly referred to as 'the Parties',

REAFFIRMING their commitment to a broad strategic partnership, political dialogue and an intense bilateral agenda with an emphasis on defence, security, economic, commercial, educational, science, cultural and people-to-people dimensions;

CONSIDERING the strong links and common values of the Parties, and recognising the common desire of the Parties to further develop, strengthen and extend their relations in an ambitious and innovative way;

STRESSING the special importance of the Wardrop Strategic Dialogue as a core framework that successfully covers the full range of issues of bilateral cooperation;

ACKNOWLEDGING the European aspirations and European choice of Georgia as an European State;

RECOGNISING the significant progress Georgia has made to date in reform in support of Georgia's EU membership aspirations;

RECOGNISING Georgia's continuing reform of its defence and security sectors, its strong commitment and contribution to international security, and the significant progress it has made in realising its Euro-Atlantic aspirations, including towards NATO membership;

RECOGNISING the common values of democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law;

TAKING INTO ACCOUNT that this Agreement shall not prejudice and leaves open the way for future progressive developments in UK-Georgia relations;

COMMITTED to further strengthening respect for fundamental freedoms, human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities, democratic principles, the rule of law, and good governance, based on common values of the Parties;

WILLING to cooperate through wide-ranging spectrum of areas of common interest, such as the development of civil society, good governance, including in the field of taxation, trade integration and enhanced economic cooperation, institution building, public administration and civil service reform and fight against corruption, the reduction of poverty, and cooperation in the field of freedom, security and justice

3

COMMITTED to all the principles and provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), in particular of the Helsinki Final Act of 1975 of the Conference on

str. 4Security and Cooperation in Europe, the concluding documents of the Madrid, Istanbul and Vienna Conferences of 1991 and 1992 respectively, and the Charter of Paris for a New Europe of 1990, as well as the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950;

RECALLING their will to promote international peace and security as well as engaging in effective multilateralism and the peaceful settlement of disputes, in particular by cooperating to that end within the framework of the United Nations (UN) and the OSCE;

FULLY RESPECTING the principles of independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and the inviolability of the internationally recognised borders under international law, the Charter of the United Nations, the Final Act of the Helsinki Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe and relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions;

HAVING IN MIND Russia's illegal military presence and steps towards de-facto annexation of the Georgian regions of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region/South Ossetia, in violation of fundamental norms and principles of international law;

RECOGNISING the importance of peace and security in Georgia, including the peaceful resolution of the Russia-Georgia conflict, and reconciliation and confidence building between the communities divided by conflict, in full respect of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Georgia within its internationally recognised borders;

FULLY SUPPORTING the firm commitment of Georgia to peace and security, and its efforts to restore its territorial integrity in pursuit of a comprehensive policy of peaceful and lasting conflict resolution, and the UK's commitment to support a peaceful and lasting resolution of the conflict;

RECOGNISING in this context the importance of ensuring the implementation of the EU-mediated 12 August 2008 ceasefire agreement signed by Georgia and Russia; of meaningful international presence for maintaining peace and security on the ground; of safe and dignified return of all internally displaced persons and refugees to their homes in line with the principles of international law; of achieving tangible results in the Geneva International Discussions; of pursuing a firm non-recognition policy; and taking forward engagement with and reconciliation and confidence building between the communities divided by conflict;

str. 5COMMITTED to provide the benefits of strategic partnership and cooperation between the UK and Georgia to all citizens of Georgia, including the communities affected by conflict, in close coordination between the Governments of the UK and Georgia;

ACKNOWLEDGING the necessity of maintaining peaceful conflict resolution in Georgia high on the international agenda and COMMITTED in this context to coordinate efforts with other relevant international actors and organisations to contribute to peace and security in Georgia;

COMMITTED to international obligations to fighting against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery and to cooperating on disarmament;

RECOGNISING the added value of the active participation of the Parties in various regional cooperation formats;

DESIROUS to further develop regular political dialogue on bilateral and international issues of mutual interest;

COMMITTED to combating organised crime and illicit trafficking and to further strengthening cooperation in the fight against terrorism;

COMMITTED to recognizing the importance of national control of migration and to cooperating on mobility, migration, asylum and border management, paying attention to legal migration, including circular migration, and the need to cooperate to tackle illegal migration and trafficking in human beings and appreciating the benefits of immigration under current and future national frameworks;

COMMITTED to the principles of free market economy and the readiness of the UK to contribute to the economic reforms in Georgia;

COMMITTED to achieving greater economic cooperation in particular through a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA), as an integral part of this Agreement and in compliance with the rights and obligations arising out of the membership of the Parties in the World Trade Organisation (WTO);

BELIEVING that this Agreement will create a new climate for economic relations between the Parties and above all for the development of trade and investment, and will stimulate competition, which are factors crucial to economic restructuring and modernisation;

COMMITTED to respecting the principles of sustainable development, to protecting the environment and mitigating climate change, to continuous improvement of environmental governance and meeting environmental needs, including crossborder cooperation and implementation of multilateral international agreements;

COMMITTED to enhancing the security of energy supply, including the development of the Southern Corridor by, inter alia, promoting the development of appropriate projects in Georgia, including promoting energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources;

ACKNOWLEDGING the need for enhanced energy cooperation, and the commitment of the Parties to ongoing implementation of the Energy Charter Treaty;

WILLING to improve the level of public health safety and protection of human health as an essential element for sustainable development and economic growth;

COMMITTED to enhancing people-to-people contacts, including through cooperation and exchanges in the fields of science and technology, business, youth, education, culture and sport;

RECOGNISING that the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Georgia, of the other part, done at Brussels on 27 June 2014 (the EU-Georgia Agreement) will cease to apply to the United Kingdom when it ceases to be a Member State of the European Union or at the end of any transitional arrangement during which the rights and obligations under these Agreements continue to apply to the United Kingdom;

HAVE DECIDED TO CONCLUDE THIS AGREEMENT:

ARTICLE 1

Objectives

str. 61. A strategic partnership is hereby established between the UK of the one part, and Georgia, of the other part. 2.

str. 7The aims of this strategic partnership are:

(a) to promote political partnership and economic cooperation between the Parties based on common values, common interests and close links;

(b) to provide a strengthened framework for enhanced strategic political dialogue, currently titled as the Wardrop Strategic Dialogue on all areas of mutual interest, allowing the development of close political relations between the Parties;

(c) to contribute to the strengthening of democracy and to political, economic and institutional stability on the basis of our shared values;

(d) to promote, preserve and strengthen peace and stability regionally and internationally, based on the principles of the Charter of the United Nations and the

Helsinki Final Act of 1975 of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, including through joining efforts to eliminate sources of tension, enhance border security, and to promote cross-border cooperation and good neighbourly relations;

str. 7(e) to enhance cooperation aimed at peace and security in Georgia, including the peaceful resolution of the Russia-Georgia conflict, and reconciliation and confidence building between the communities divided by conflict, in full respect of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Georgia within its internationally recognised borders;

(f) to enhance cooperation in the area of freedom, security and justice with the aim of reinforcing the rule of law and the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms;

(g) to support Georgia's integration into European and Euro-Atlantic structures and to promote dialogue and cooperation on related matters;

(h) to support the efforts of Georgia to develop its economic potential through international cooperation;

(i) to establish conditions for enhanced economic and trade relations, including by setting up a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area as stipulated in Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement;

(j) to support and develop cooperation in the fields of education, science, culture, youth and sport with the aim of fostering people-to-people ties and collaboration between the Parties and their institutions operating in these domains;

(k) to establish conditions for increasingly close cooperation in other areas of mutual interest.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

ARTICLE 2

General Principles

str. 8Respect for the democratic principles, human rights and fundamental freedoms, as proclaimed in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and as defined in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, the Helsinki Final Act of 1975 of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Charter of Paris for a New Europe of 1990 shall form the basis of the domestic and external policies of the Parties and constitutes an essential element of this Agreement. Countering the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, related materials and their means of

delivery also constitute essential elements of this Agreement. 2. The Parties reiterate their commitment to the principles of a free market economy, sustainable development and effective multilateralism. 3. The Parties reaffirm their respect for the principles of the rule of law and good governance, as well as their international obligations, in particular under the UN, the Council of Europe and the OSCE. In particular, they agree to promoting respect for the principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity, inviolability of borders and independence. 4. The Parties commit themselves to the rule of law, good governance, the fight against corruption, the fight against the various forms of transnational organised crime and terrorism, the promotion of sustainable development, effective multilateralism and the fight against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their delivery systems. This commitment constitutes a key factor in the development of the relations and cooperation between the Parties and contributes to regional peace and stability.

Strategic political dialogue and reform, cooperation in the field of foreign and security policy

ARTICLE 3

Aims of Strategic political dialogue

str. 81. Strategic Political dialogue on all areas of mutual interest, including foreign and security matters as well as domestic reform, shall be further developed and strengthened between the Parties. This will increase the effectiveness of political cooperation and promote cooperation on foreign and security matters, strengthening relations in an ambitious and innovative ways.

2.

str. 9The aims of the Strategic political dialogue shall be:

(a) to deepen partnership and increase political and security policy cooperation and effectiveness;

(b) to promote the principles of territorial integrity, inviolability of internationally recognised borders, sovereignty and independence, as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and the Helsinki Final Act of 1975 of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe; (c) to promote peaceful conflict resolution in Georgia, in full respect of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Georgia within its internationally recognised borders;

(d) to provide all benefits of the Strategic, Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between the UK and Georgia to all citizens of Georgia within its internationally recognised borders, in close coordination between the Governments of the UK and Georgia;

(e) to promote international stability and security based on effective multilateralism;

(f) to strengthen cooperation and dialogue between the Parties on international security and crisis management, in particular in order to address global and regional challenges and key threats;

(g) to strengthen the cooperation in the fight against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and their delivery systems including the conversion to alternative employment of scientists formerly employed in WMD programmes;

(h) to foster result-oriented and practical cooperation between the Parties for achieving peace, security and stability on the European continent;

(i) to strengthen respect for democratic principles, the rule of law and good governance, human rights and fundamental freedoms, including media freedom and the rights of persons belonging to minorities, and to contribute to consolidating domestic political reforms;

(j) to develop dialogue and to deepen the cooperation of the Parties in the field of security and defence;

(k) to work to further promote regional cooperation in various formats;

(l) to deepen cooperation in the field of protection and management of critical infrastructure; and

(m) to consider enhancing and intensifying cooperation for countering and combating hybrid threats

ARTICLE 4

Cooperation on developing democratic institutions

str. 9The Parties shall cooperate on developing, consolidating and increasing the stability and effectiveness of democratic institutions and the rule of law; on ensuring respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; on making further progress on judicial and legal reform, so that the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed,

strengthening its administrative capacity and guaranteeing impartiality and effectiveness of law enforcement bodies; on further pursuing the public administration reform and on building an accountable, efficient, effective, transparent and professional civil service; and on continuing the effective fight against corruption, particularly in view of enhancing international cooperation on combating corruption, and ensuring effective implementation of relevant international legal instruments, such as the United Nations Convention Against Corruption of 2003.

ARTICLE 5

Foreign and security policy

str. 101. The Parties shall intensify their dialogue and cooperation in the area of foreign and security policy, and shall address in particular issues of conflict prevention, peaceful conflict resolution and crisis management, regional stability, disarmament, non-proliferation, arms control and export control. Cooperation shall be based on common values and mutual interests, and shall aim at increasing policy effectiveness, making use of bilateral, international and regional fora. 2. The Parties reaffirm their commitment to the principles of territorial integrity, inviolability of internationally recognised borders, sovereignty and independence, as established in the Charter of the United Nations and the Helsinki Final Act of 1975 of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, and their commitment to promote these principles in their bilateral and multilateral relations. The Parties also underline their full support for the principle of host nation consent on stationing foreign armed forces on their territories. They agree that the stationing of foreign armed forces on their territory should take place with the explicit consent of the host state, in accordance with international law. 3. The Parties shall intensify their dialogue and cooperation in support of Georgia's continuing reform of its defence and security sectors, recognising its strong commitment and contribution to international security, and the significant progress it has made in realising its Euro-Atlantic aspirations, including towards NATO membership.

ARTICLE 6

Peaceful conflict resolution

str. 101. The Parties reiterate their commitment to peace and security in Georgia, including the resolution of the Russia-Georgia conflict, and reconciliation and confidence building between the communities divided by conflict, in full respect of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Georgia within its internationally recognised borders.

str. 11Pending a sustainable solution to the conflict and without

prejudice to the existing formats for addressing conflict-related issues, peaceful conflict resolution will constitute one of the central subjects on the agenda of strategic political dialogue between the Parties, as well as in dialogue with other relevant international actors.

str. 11The parties fully support the firm commitment of Georgia to peace and security, and its efforts to restore its territorial integrity in pursuit of a comprehensive policy of peaceful and lasting conflict resolution. 2. In this context the Parties recognise the importance of ensuring the implementation of the EU-mediated 12 August 2008 ceasefire agreement signed by Georgia and Russia; of meaningful international presence for maintaining peace and security on the ground; of safe and dignified return of all internally displaced persons and refugees to their places of origin in line with the principles of international law; of achieving tangible results in the Geneva International Discussions; of pursuing a firm non-recognition policy; and taking forward engagement with and reconciliation and confidence building between the communities divided by conflict;
3. The Parties affirm the commitment to provide the benefits of the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between the UK and Georgia to all citizens of Georgia, including the communities affected by conflict, in close coordination between the Governments of the UK and Georgia;
4. The Parties underline the necessity of maintaining peaceful conflict resolution in Georgia high on the international agenda and express the commitment in this context to coordinate efforts with other relevant international actors and organisations to contribute to peace and security in Georgia, including in relation to humanitarian and human rights issues in conflict-affected areas. 5. All these efforts shall follow commonly shared principles of maintaining international peace and security as established by the Charter of the United Nations, the Helsinki Final Act of 1975 of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe and other relevant multilateral documents.

ARTICLE 7

Serious crimes of international concern

str. 12The Parties reaffirm that the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole must not go unpunished and that impunity for such crimes must be avoided by taking measures at national and international level including the International Criminal Court. 2. The Parties consider that the establishment and effective functioning of the International Criminal Court constitutes an important development for international peace and justice. The Parties reaffirm their commitment to continue to cooperate with the International Criminal Court by implementing the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and its related instruments, giving due regard to preserving its integrity.

ARTICLE 8

Conflict prevention and crisis management

str. 12The Parties shall enhance practical cooperation in conflict prevention and crisis management.

ARTICLE 9

Regional stability

str. 121. The Parties shall intensify their joint efforts to promote stability, security and democratic development in the region, as well as to work to further promote regional cooperation in various formats and, in particular, shall work towards peaceful settlement of the unresolved conflicts in the region. 2. These efforts shall follow commonly shared principles of maintaining international peace and security as established by the Charter of the United Nations, the Helsinki Final Act of 1975 of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe and other relevant multilateral documents.

ARTICLE 10

Weapons of mass destruction

str. 121. The Parties consider that the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and their means of delivery, both to state and non-state actors, represents one of the most serious threats to international peace and stability. The Parties therefore agree to cooperate and to contribute to countering the proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery through full compliance with, and national implementation of, their existing obligations under international disarmament and non-proliferation treaties and agreements, and other relevant international obligations. The Parties agree that this provision constitutes an essential element of this Agreement. 2. The Parties furthermore agree to cooperate and to contribute to countering the proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery by:

str. 13- (a) taking steps to sign, ratify, or accede to, as appropriate, and fully implement, all other relevant international instruments; and

(b) establishing an effective system of national export controls, controlling the export as well as transit of WMD-related goods, including a WMD end-use control on dual-use technologies, and containing effective sanctions for breaches of export controls. 3. The Parties agree to make this a subject of the strategic political dialogue provided for in this Agreement.

ARTICLE 11

Small arms and light weapons and conventional arms exports control

str. 131. The Parties recognise that the illicit manufacture, transfer and circulation of small arms and light weapons (SALW), including their ammunition, and their excessive accumulation, poor management, inadequately secured stockpiles and uncontrolled spread continue to pose a serious threat to peace and international security. 2. The Parties agree to observe and fully implement their respective obligations to deal with the illicit trade in SALW, including their ammunition, under existing international agreements and UN Security Council resolutions, as well as their commitments within the framework of other international instruments applicable in this area, such as the United Nations Programme of Action to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade in SALW in all its aspects. 3. The Parties shall undertake to cooperate and to ensure coordination, complementarity and synergy in their efforts to deal with the illicit trade in SALW, including their ammunition, and the destruction of excessive stockpiles, at global, regional, sub-regional and national levels. 4. Furthermore, the Parties agree to continue to cooperate in the area of conventional arms export control. 5. The Parties agree to make this a subject of the political dialogue provided for in this Agreement.

ARTICLE 12

Fight against terrorism

str. 14The Parties reaffirm the importance of the fight against and the prevention of terrorism and agree to work together at a bilateral, regional and international level to prevent and combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations. 13

2. The Parties agree that the fight against terrorism must be conducted with full respect for the rule of law and in full conformity with international law including international human rights law, international refugee law and international humanitarian law, the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, and all relevant international counter-terrorism related instruments. 3. The Parties stress the importance of the universal ratification and full implementation of all UN counter-terrorism related conventions and protocols. The Parties agree to cooperate in the implementation of the United Nations Global Counter Terrorism Strategy, as well as all relevant UN Security Council resolutions and Council of Europe conventions. The Parties also agree to cooperate to promote international consensus on the prevention of and fight against terrorism.

Freedom, security and justice

ARTICLE 13

Rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms

str. 141. In their cooperation in the area of freedom, security and justice the Parties shall attach particular importance to further promoting the rule of law, including the independence of the judiciary, access to justice, and the right to a fair trial. 2. The Parties will cooperate fully on the effective functioning of institutions in the areas of law enforcement and the administration of justice. 3. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms will guide all cooperation on freedom, security and justice.

ARTICLE 14

Protection of personal data

str. 14The Parties agree to cooperate in order to ensure a high level of protection of personal data in accordance with the Council of Europe and international legal instruments and standards referred to in Annex I to this Agreement.

Cooperation on migration, asylum and border management

str. 15The Parties reaffirm the importance of a joint management of migration flows between their territories and agree to maintain dialogue as appropriate on migrationrelated issues, including legal migration, international protection and the fight against illegal migration, smuggling and trafficking of human beings. 2. Cooperation will be based on specific needs assessments conducted in mutual consultation between the Parties and be implemented in accordance with their relevant legislation in force. It will, in particular, focus on:

(a) the root causes and the consequences of migration;

(b) the development and implementation of national legislation and practices as regards international protection, with a view to satisfying the provisions of the Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951 and of the Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees of 1967 and of other relevant international instruments, such as the European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, and to ensuring the respect of the principle of 'non-refoulement' ;

(c) the admission rules and rights and status of persons admitted, fair treatment and integration of lawfully residing non-nationals, education and training and measures against racism and xenophobia;

(d) the enhancement of an effective and preventive policy against illegal migration, smuggling of migrants and trafficking in human beings including the issue of how to combat networks of smugglers and traffickers and how to protect the victims of such trafficking;

(e) in the areas of document security and border management, issues such as organisation, training, best practices and other operational measures;

(f) Cooperation may also facilitate circular migration for the benefit of development; and

(g) The Parties agree that they may enter into dialogue regarding legal migration within the current or future national frameworks governing these issues. 3. The Parties shall ensure that the treatment accorded to nationals of the other Contracting Party, legally employed on its territory shall be free from any discrimination based on nationality, as regards working conditions, remuneration or dismissal, as compared to its own nationals. 15

ARTICLE 16

Law enforcement and security

str. 161. The Parties shall cooperate on combating and preventing criminal and illegal activities, in particular transnational activities, organised or otherwise, such as:

(a) smuggling and trafficking in human beings as well as small arms and illicit drugs;

(b) smuggling and trafficking in goods;

(c) illegal economic and financial activities such as counterfeiting, fiscal fraud and public procurement fraud;

- (d) embezzlement in projects funded by international donors;
- (e) active and passive corruption, both in the private and public sector;
- (f) forging documents, submitting false statements; and
- (g) cybercrime. 2. The Parties shall enhance bilateral, regional and international cooperation among law enforcement and security bodies. This would include, where appropriate and possible, cooperation within the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) and other relevant International institutions/Organisations. The Parties will actively use the channels of liaison officers/police or security attachés for the purposes of law enforcement and security cooperation. The Parties are committed to implementing effectively the relevant international standards, and in particular those enshrined in the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime (UNTOC) of 2000 and the respective Protocols thereto and in the United Nations Convention against Corruption of 2003.

ARTICLE 17

Illicit drugs

str. 161. Within their respective powers, the Parties shall cooperate to ensure a balanced, integrated and evidence-based approach towards drug issues. Drug policies and actions shall be aimed at reinforcing structures for preventing and combating illicit drugs, reducing the supply of, trafficking in and the demand for illicit drugs, addressing the health and social consequences of drug abuse with a view to reducing harm as well as at a more effective prevention of diversion of chemical precursors used for the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.

str. 172. The Parties shall agree on the necessary methods of cooperation to attain these objectives. Actions shall be based on commonly agreed principles along the lines of the relevant international conventions, and taking into account the 2009 Political Declaration and Plan of Action on International Cooperation towards an Integrated and Balanced Strategy to Counter the World Drug Problem and the outcome document of the thirtieth special session of the General Assembly 2016 on the world drug problem, entitled 'Our joint commitment to effectively addressing and countering the world drug problem'.

ARTICLE 18

Money laundering and terrorism financing

str. 171. The Parties shall cooperate in order to prevent the use of their financial and relevant non-financial systems to launder the proceeds of criminal activities in general and drug offences in particular, as well as for the purpose of terrorism financing. 2. This cooperation extends to the recovery of assets or funds derived from the proceeds of crime. 3. Cooperation in this area shall allow exchanges of relevant information within the framework of respective legislation and the adoption of appropriate standards to prevent and combat money laundering and financing of terrorism equivalent to those adopted by relevant international bodies active in this area, such as the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF).

ARTICLE 19

Cooperation in the fight against terrorism

str. 171. In full accordance with the principles underlying the fight against terrorism as set out in Article 12 of this Agreement, the Parties reaffirm the importance of a law enforcement and judicial approach to the fight against terrorism and agree to cooperate in the prevention and suppression of terrorism in particular by:
2.

str. 18(a) ensuring the criminalisation of terrorist offences, as appropriate;

(b) exchanging information on terrorist groups and individuals and their support networks, in accordance with international and national law, in particular as regards data protection and the protection of privacy;

(c) exchanging experience in the prevention and suppression of terrorism, means and methods and their technical aspects, as well as on training, in accordance with applicable law;

17

(d) sharing information on best practices in addressing and countering radicalisation and recruitment, and on promoting rehabilitation;

(e) exchanging views and experience concerning cross-border movement and travel of terrorist suspects as well as concerning terrorist threats in accordance with international and national law;

- (f) sharing best practices as regards the protection of human rights in the fight against terrorism, in particular in relation to criminal justice proceedings; and
- (g) taking measures against the threat of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear terrorism and undertaking the measures necessary to prevent the acquisition, transfer and use for terrorist purposes of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear materials as well as to prevent illegal acts against high risk chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear facilities. 2. Cooperation may consider relevant available assessments, such as those of the relevant bodies of the UN and the Council of Europe and conducted in mutual consultation between the Parties.

ARTICLE 20

Legal cooperation

str. 181. The Parties agree to develop judicial cooperation in civil and commercial matters as regards the negotiation, ratification and implementation of multilateral conventions on civil judicial cooperation and, in particular, the conventions of the Hague Conference on Private International Law. 2. As regards judicial cooperation in criminal matters, the Parties will seek to enhance cooperation on mutual legal assistance on the basis of relevant multilateral agreements. This would include, where appropriate, accession to, and implementation of, the relevant international instruments of the UN, the Council of Europe and other relevant international platforms and closer cooperation with Eurojust, where that is possible.

CHAPTER 1

Section 1

ARTICLE 21

Objective

str. 19The Parties shall establish a free trade area starting from the entry into force of this Agreement, in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement and in conformity with Article XXIV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994).

ARTICLE 22

Scope and coverage

Section 2

ARTICLE 23

Definition of customs duties

ARTICLE 24

Classification of goods

str. 20The classification of goods in trade between the Parties shall be that set out in each Party's respective tariff nomenclature in conformity with the 2012 Harmonised System based on the International Convention on the Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System of 1983 (HS) and subsequent amendments thereto.

ARTICLE 25

Elimination of customs duties on imports

str. 201. The Parties shall eliminate all customs duties on goods originating in the other Party as from the date of entry into force of this Agreement except as provided in paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Article and without prejudice to paragraph 4 of this Article. 2. The products listed in Annex II-A to this Agreement shall be imported into the United Kingdom free of customs duties within the limits of the tariff rate quotas set out in that Annex. The most-favoured-nation (MFN) customs duty rate shall apply to imports exceeding the tariff rate quota limit. 3. The products listed in Annex II-B to this Agreement may be subject to an import duty when imported into the United Kingdom with exemption of the ad valorem component of that import duty. 4. The import of products originating in Georgia listed in Annex II-C to this Agreement shall be subject to the anti- circumvention mechanism set out in Article 26 of this Agreement. 5. At the request of either Party, the Parties shall consult to consider broadening the scope of the liberalisation of customs duties in the trade between the Parties. A decision under this paragraph shall be made by the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement.

Anti-circumvention mechanism for agricultural products and processed agricultural products

str. 211. The products listed in Annex II-C to this Agreement are subject to the anticircumvention mechanism set out in this Article. The average annual volume of imports from Georgia into the United Kingdom for each category of those products is provided in Annex II-C to this Agreement. 2. When the volume of imports of one or more categories of products referred to in paragraph 1 reaches 70 % of the volume indicated in Annex II-C to this Agreement in any given year starting on 1 January, the United Kingdom shall notify Georgia about the volume of imports of the product(s) concerned. Following this notification and within 14 calendar days from the date on which the volume of imports of one or more categories of products referred to in paragraph 1 reaches 80 % of the volume indicated in Annex II-C to this Agreement, Georgia shall provide the United Kingdom with a sound justification that Georgia has the capacity to produce the products for export into the United Kingdom in excess of the volumes set out in that Annex. If those imports reach 100% of the volume indicated in Annex II-C to this Agreement, and in the absence of a sound justification by Georgia, the United Kingdom may temporarily suspend the preferential treatment for the products concerned. The suspension shall be applicable for a period of six months and shall take effect on the date of publication of the decision to suspend preferential treatment. Upon entry into force of this Agreement, the United Kingdom shall provide Georgia with details on the United Kingdom's means of publication. The United Kingdom's means of publication shall be directly accessible by electronic means free of charge through a single point of access on the internet. 3. All temporary suspensions adopted pursuant to paragraph 2 shall be notified by the United Kingdom to Georgia without undue delay. 4.

str. 22A temporary suspension shall be lifted before the expiry of six months from its entry into force by the United Kingdom if Georgia provides robust and satisfactory evidence within the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, asset out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, that the volume of the relevant category of products imported in excess of the volume referred to in Annex II-C to this Agreement results from a change in the level of production and export capacity of Georgia for the product(s) concerned. 5. Annex II-C to this Agreement may be amended and the volume modified by mutual consent of the United Kingdom and Georgia in the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration at the request of Georgia, in order to reflect changes in the level of production and export capacity of Georgia for the product(s) concerned.

ARTICLE 27

Standstill

str. 22Neither Party may adopt any new customs duty, on a good originating in the other Party or may increase any customs duty applied on the date of entry into force of this Agreement. This shall not preclude that either Party may maintain or increase a customs duty as authorised by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of the WTO.

ARTICLE 28

Customs duties on exports

str. 22Neither Party shall adopt or maintain any customs duty or tax, other than internal charges applied in conformity with Article 29 of this Agreement, on, or in connection with, the export of goods to the territory of the other Party.

ARTICLE 29

Fees and other charges

str. 22Each Party shall ensure, in accordance with Article VIII of GATT 1994 and the interpretative notes thereon, that all fees and charges of whatever character other than customs duties or other measures referred to in Article 25 of this Agreement, imposed on, or in connection with, the import or export of goods are limited in amount to the approximate cost of services rendered and do not represent an indirect protection to domestic goods or a taxation of imports or exports for fiscal purposes.

Section 3 Non - tariff measures

ARTICLE 30

National treatment

str. 22Each Party shall accord national treatment to the goods of the other Party in accordance with Article III of GATT 1994, including the interpretative notes thereon. To that end, Article III of GATT 1994 and the interpretative notes thereon are incorporated into this Agreement and made an integral part thereof.

Import and export restrictions

str. 23Neither Party shall adopt or maintain any prohibition or restriction on the import of any good of the other Party or on the export or sale for export of any good destined for the territory of the other Party, except as otherwise provided in this Agreement or in accordance with Article XI of GATT 1994 and the interpretative notes thereon. To that end, Article XI of GATT 1994 and the interpretative notes thereon are incorporated into this Agreement and made an integral part thereof.

Section 4

ARTICLE 32

General exceptions

str. 23Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement by any Party of measures in accordance with Articles XX and XXI of GATT 1994 and any relevant interpretative notes to those Articles under GATT 1994, which are hereby incorporated into this Agreement and made an integral part thereof.

Section 5

ARTICLE 33

Temporary withdrawal of preferences

str. 231. The Parties agree that administrative cooperation and assistance is essential for the implementation and the control of preferential tariff treatment granted under this Chapter and underline their commitment to combat irregularities and fraud in customs and related matters. 2. Where a Party has made a finding, on the basis of objective information, of a failure of the other Party to provide administrative cooperation or assistance and/or of irregularities or fraud under this Chapter, the Party concerned may temporarily suspend the relevant preferential treatment of the product(s) concerned in accordance with this Article. 3. For the purposes of this Article, a failure to provide administrative cooperation or assistance shall mean, inter alia:
4. (a) a repeated failure to respect the obligations to verify the originating status of the good(s) concerned;

(b) a repeated refusal or undue delay in carrying out and/or communicating the results of subsequent verification of the proof of origin;

(c) a repeated refusal or undue delay in obtaining authorisation to conduct enquiry visits to determine the authenticity of documents or accuracy of information relevant to the granting of the preferential treatment in question. 4. For the purposes of this Article, a finding of irregularities or fraud may be made, inter alia, where there is a rapid increase, without satisfactory explanation, in the volume of imports of goods exceeding the usual level of production and export capacity of the other Party that is linked to objective information concerning irregularities or fraud. 5. The application of a temporary suspension shall be subject to the following conditions:

(a) the Party which has made a finding, on the basis of objective information, of a failure to provide administrative cooperation or assistance and/or of irregularities or fraud from the other Party, shall without undue delay notify the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, of its finding together with the objective information and enter into consultations within the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum , on the basis of all relevant information and objective findings, with a view to reaching a solution acceptable to both Parties;

- (b) where the Parties have entered into consultations within the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration and have failed to agree on an acceptable solution within three months following the notification, the Party concerned may temporarily suspend the relevant preferential treatment of the good(s) concerned. A temporary suspension shall be notified to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration without undue delay;

(c) temporary suspensions under this Article shall be limited to that necessary to protect the financial interests of the Party concerned. They shall not exceed a period of six months, which may be renewed, if at the date of expiry nothing has changed with respect to the condition that gave rise to the initial suspension. They shall be subject to periodic consultations within the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, in particular with a view to their termination as soon as the conditions for their application no longer apply.

str. 256. Each Party shall publish in accordance with its internal procedures, notices to importers concerning any: notification referred to in paragraph 5(a); decision referred to in paragraph 5(b); and extension or termination referred to in paragraph 5(c).

ARTICLE 34

Management of administrative errors

str. 25In case of an error by the competent authorities in the proper management of the preferential system at export, and in particular in the application of the provisions of Protocol I to this Agreement concerning the definition of originating products and methods of administrative cooperation, where this error leads to consequences in terms of import duties, the Party facing such consequences may request the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, to examine the possibilities of adopting all appropriate measures with a view to resolving the situation.

ARTICLE 35

Agreements with other countries

str. 251. This Agreement shall not preclude the maintenance or establishment of customs unions, free trade areas or arrangements for frontier traffic except in so far as they conflict with trade arrangements provided for in this Agreement. 2. Consultations between the Parties shall take place within the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, at the request of either Party, concerning agreements establishing customs unions, free trade areas or arrangements for frontier traffic and on other major issues related to their respective trade policy with third countries.

CHAPTER 2

Section 1 Global safeguard measures

ARTICLE 36

General provisions

str. 26The Parties confirm their rights and obligations under Article XIX of GATT 1994 and the Agreement on Safeguards contained in Annex 1A to the WTO

25

Agreement ('Agreement on Safeguards') and Article 5 of the Agreement on Agriculture, contained in Annex 1A to the WTO Agreement ('Agreement on Agriculture'). 2. The preferential rules of origin established under Chapter 1 (National Treatment and Market Access for Goods) of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement shall not apply to this Section. 3. The provisions of this Section shall not be subject to Chapter 14 (Dispute Settlement) of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement.

ARTICLE 37

Transparency

str. 261. The Party initiating a safeguard investigation shall notify the other Party of such initiation provided the latter has a substantial economic interest. 2. Notwithstanding Article 36 of this Agreement, at the request of the other Party, the Party initiating a safeguard investigation and intending to apply safeguard measures shall provide immediately ad hoc written notification of all the pertinent information leading to the initiation of a safeguard investigation and the imposition of safeguard measures, including, where relevant, information on the initiation of a safeguard investigation, on the provisional findings and on the final findings of the investigation, as well as offer the possibility for consultations to the other Party. 3. For the purposes of this Article, a Party shall be considered as having a substantial economic interest when it is among the five largest suppliers of the imported product during the most recent three-year period of time, measured in terms of either absolute volume or value.

ARTICLE 38

Application of measures

str. 261. When imposing safeguard measures, the Parties shall endeavour to impose them in a way that affects their bilateral trade the least. 2.

str. 27For the purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, if a Party considers that the legal requirements for the imposition of definitive safeguard measures are met and intends to apply such measures, that Party shall notify the other Party and give the latter the possibility to hold bilateral consultations. If no satisfactory solution has been reached within 30 days of the notification, the importing Party may adopt the appropriate measures to remedy the problem.

Section 2

ARTICLE 39

General provisions

str. 271. The Parties confirm their rights and obligations under Article VI of GATT 1994, the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994, contained in Annex 1A to the WTO Agreement ('Anti-Dumping Agreement') and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, contained in Annex 1A to the WTO Agreement ('SCM Agreement'). 2. The preferential rules of origin established under Chapter 1 (National Treatment and Market Access for Goods) of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement shall not apply to this Section. 3. The provisions of this Section shall not be subject to Chapter 14 (Dispute Settlement) of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement.

ARTICLE 40

Transparency

str. 271. The Parties agree that anti-dumping and countervailing measures should be used in full compliance with the requirements of the Anti-Dumping Agreement and the SCM Agreement, respectively, and should be based on a fair and transparent system. 2. The Parties shall ensure, immediately after the imposition of provisional measures and before the final deter­mination is made, full and meaningful disclosure of all essential facts and considerations which form the basis for the decision to apply measures, without prejudice to Article 6.5 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement and Article 12.4 of the SCM Agreement. Disclosures shall be made in writing and allow interested parties sufficient time to make their comments. 3. Provided it does not unnecessarily delay the conduct of the investigation, each interested Party shall be granted the possibility to be heard in order to express their views during anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations.

Consideration of public interest

str. 28Anti-dumping or countervailing measures may not be applied by a Party where, on the basis of the information made available during the investigation, it can clearly be

concluded that it is not in the public interest to apply such measures. The public interest determination shall be based on an appreciation of all the various interests taken as a whole, including the interests of the domestic industry, users, consumers and importers to the extent that they have provided relevant information to the investigating authorities.

ARTICLE 42

Lesser duty rule

str. 28Should a Party decide to impose a provisional or a definitive anti-dumping or a countervailing duty, the amount of such duty shall not exceed the margin of dumping or the total amount of countervailable subsidies, but it should be less than the margin of dumping or the total amount of countervailable subsidies if such a lesser duty would be adequate to remove the injury to the domestic industry.

CHAPTER 3

Technical barriers to trade, standardisation, metrology, accreditation and conformity assessment

ARTICLE 43

Scope and definitions

str. 281. This Chapter applies to the preparation, adoption and application of standards, technical regulations, and conformity assessment procedures as defined in the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, contained in Annex 1A to the WTO Agreement ('TBT Agreement') that may affect trade in goods between the Parties. 2. Notwithstanding paragraph 1, this Chapter does not apply to sanitary and phytosanitary measures as defined in Annex A to the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, contained in Annex 1A to the WTO Agreement ('SPS Agreement'), nor to purchasing specifications prepared by public authorities for their own production or consumption requirements. 3. For the purposes of this Chapter, the definitions of Annex 1 to the TBT Agreement shall apply.

Affirmation of the TBT Agreement

str. 29The Parties affirm their existing rights and obligations with respect to each other under the TBT Agreement which is hereby incorporated into this Agreement and made an integral part thereof.

ARTICLE 45

Technical cooperation

str. 291. The Parties shall strengthen their cooperation in the field of standards, technical regulations, metrology, market surveillance, accreditation and conformity assessment systems with a view to increasing the mutual understanding of their respective systems and facilitating access to their respective markets. To that end, they may establish regulatory dialogues at both horizontal and sectoral levels. 2. In their cooperation, the Parties shall seek to identify, develop and promote trade facilitating initiatives which may include, but are not limited to:

(a) reinforcing regulatory cooperation through the exchange of data and experience, and through scientific and technical cooperation, with a view to improving the quality of their technical regulations, standards, market surveillance, conformity assessment and accreditation, and making efficient use of regulatory resources;

(b) promoting and encouraging cooperation between their respective organisations, public or private, responsible for metrology, standardisation, market surveillance, conformity assessment and accreditation;

(c) fostering the development of the quality infrastructure for standardisation, metrology, accreditation, conformity assessment and the market surveillance system in Georgia;

(d) promoting the participation of Georgia in the work of related European organisations;

(e) seeking solutions to technical barriers to trade that may arise; and

(f) where appropriate, undertaking efforts to coordinate their positions on matters of mutual interest in international trade and regulatory organisations such as the WTO and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 29

ARTICLE 46

Technical regulations, standards, and conformity

str. 30assessment

1. Georgia shall achieve and maintain the level of administrative and institutional effectiveness necessary to provide an effective and transparent system that is required for the implementation of this Chapter. 2. Georgia shall ensure and facilitate the participation of its relevant national bodies in the European and international organisations for standardisation, legal and fundamental metrology, and conformity assessment, including accreditation, in accordance with the respective areas of activity of those bodies and the membership status available to them.

ARTICLE 47

Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products

str. 30The Parties may ultimately agree to add an Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products as a Protocol to this Agreement covering one or more sectors agreed upon.

ARTICLE 48

Marking and labelling

str. 301. Without prejudice to the provisions of Articles 46 and 47 of this Agreement, and with respect to technical regulations relating to labelling or marking requirements, the Parties reaffirm the principles of Chapter 2.2 of the TBT Agreement that such requirements are not prepared, adopted or applied with a view to or with the effect of creating unnecessary obstacles to international trade. For this purpose, such labelling or marking requirements shall not be more trade-restrictive than necessary to fulfil a legitimate objective, taking account of the risks that nonfulfilment would create. 2. Regarding obligatory marking or labelling in particular, the Parties agree that: they will endeavour to minimise their needs for marking or labelling, except as required for the protection of health, safety or the environment, or for other reasonable public policy purposes;
3. (a) a Party may determine the form of labelling or marking but shall not require the approval, the registration or the certification of labels; and
4. (b) the Parties retain the right to require the information on the label or marking to be in a specified language.

CHAPTER 4

Sanitary and phytosanitary measures

ARTICLE 49

Objective

str. 311. The objective of this Chapter is to facilitate trade in commodities covered by sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS measures), including all measures listed in Annex III to this Agreement, between the Parties, whilst safeguarding human, animal or plant life or health, by:
2. (a) ensuring full transparency as regards measures applicable to trade, listed in Annex III to this Agreement;
3. (b) recognising the animal and plant health status of the Parties and applying the principle of regionalisation;
4. (c) establishing a mechanism for the recognition of equivalence of measures maintained by a Party, listed in Annex III to this Agreement;
5. (d) continuing to implement the SPS Agreement;
6. (e) establishing mechanisms and procedures for trade facilitation; and
7. (f) improving communication and cooperation between the Parties on measures listed in Annex III to this Agreement. 2. This Chapter also aims at reaching a common understanding between the Parties concerning animal welfare standards.

ARTICLE 50

Multilateral obligations

str. 31The Parties re-affirm their rights and obligations under the WTO Agreements, and in particular the SPS Agreement.

ARTICLE 51

Scope

str. 31This Chapter shall apply to all sanitary and phytosanitary measures of a Party that may, directly or indirectly, affect trade between the Parties, including all measures listed in Annex III to this Agreement.

Definitions

ARTICLE 53

Competent authorities

str. 34The Parties shall inform each other about the structure, organisation and division of competences of their competent authorities during the first meeting of the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Sub-Committee referred to in Article 63 of this Agreement ('SPS Sub-Committee'). The Parties shall inform each other of any change of the structure, organisation and division of competences, including of the contact points, concerning such competent authorities.

Recognition for trade purposes of animal health and pest status and regional conditions

str. 34Recognition of status for animal diseases, infections in animals or pests

1. As regards animal diseases and infections in animals (including zoonosis), the following shall apply:

(a) the importing Party shall recognise for trade purposes the animal health status of the exporting Party or its regions determined in accordance with the procedure set out in Annex V to this Agreement, with respect to animal diseases specified in Annex IV-A to this Agreement;

- (b) where a Party considers that it has, for its territory or a region within its territory, a special status with respect to a specific animal disease other than a disease listed in Annex IV-A to this Agreement, it may request recognition of this status in accordance with the procedure laid down in Annex V Part C to this Agreement. In this regard, the importing Party may request guarantees, accompanied with an explanatory note, in respect of imports of live animals and animal products, which are appropriate to the agreed status of the Parties;

(c) the Parties recognise as the basis for trade between them the status of the territories or the regions, or the status in a sector or a sub-sector of the Parties related to the prevalence or the incidence of an animal disease other than a disease listed in Annex IV-A to this Agreement, or related to infections in animals and/or the associated risk, as appropriate, as determined by the OIE. In this regard, the importing Party may request guarantees, in respect of imports of live animals and animal products, which are appropriate to the defined status in accordance with the recommendations of OIE; and

(d) without prejudice to Articles 56, 58 and 62 of this Agreement, and unless the importing Party raises an explicit objection and requests supporting or additional information, consultations and/or verification, each Party shall take without undue delay the necessary legislative and administrative measures to allow trade on the basis of the provisions of points (a), (b) and (c) of this paragraph. 2. As regards pests, the following shall apply:

(a) the Parties recognise for trade purposes the pest status in respect of pests specified in Annex IV-B to this Agreement as determined in Annex V-B; and

(b) without prejudice to Articles 56, 58 and 62 of this Agreement, and unless the importing Party raises an explicit objection and requests supporting or additional information, consultations and/or verification, each Party shall take without undue delay the necessary legislative and administrative measures to allow trade on the basis of the provision of point (a) of this paragraph. Recognition of regionalisation/zoning and pest free areas (PFAs)

3. The Parties recognise the concept of regionalisation and PFAs as specified in the relevant International Plant Protection Convention of 1997 (IPPC) and the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs) of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). 4.

str. 36The Parties agree that regionalisation decisions for animal and fish diseases listed in Annex IV-A to this Agreement and for pests listed in Annex IV-B to this Agreement shall be taken in accordance with the provisions of Part A and B of Annex V to this Agreement. 5. As regards animal diseases in accordance with the provisions of Article 56 of this Agreement the exporting Party seeking recognition of its regionalisation decision by the importing Party shall notify its measures with full explanations and supporting data for its determinations and decisions. Without prejudice to Article 57 of this Agreement, and unless the importing Party raises an explicit objection and requests additional information, consultations and/or verification within 15 working days following receipt of the notification, the regionalisation decision so notified shall be deemed accepted. The consultations referred to in the first subparagraph of this paragraph shall take place in accordance with Article 57(3) of this Agreement. The importing Party shall assess the additional information within 15 working days following receipt of the additional information. The verification referred to in the first subparagraph of this paragraph shall be carried out in accordance with Article 60 of this Agreement within 25 working days following receipt of the request for verification. 6. As regards pests, each Party shall ensure that trade in plants, plant products and other objects takes account, as appropriate, of the pest status in an area recognised as a PFA by the other Party. A Party seeking recognition of its PFA by the other Party shall notify its measures and, upon request, provide full explanation and supporting data for its establishment and maintenance, as guided by appropriate FAO or IPPC standards, including ISPMs. Without prejudice to Article 62 of this Agreement, and unless a Party raises an explicit objection and requests additional information, consultations and/or verification within three months following the notification, the regionalisation decision for PFA so notified shall be deemed accepted. The consultations referred to in the first subparagraph of this paragraph shall take place in accordance with Article 57(3) of this Agreement. The importing Party shall assess the additional information within three months following the receipt of the additional information. The verification referred to in the first subparagraph of this paragraph shall be carried out in accordance with Article 60 of this Agreement within 12 months following the receipt of the request for verification, taking into account the biology of the pest and the crop concerned.

str. 377. After finalisation of the procedures of paragraphs 4 to 6, and without prejudice to Article 62 of this Agreement, each Party shall take, without undue delay, the necessary legislative and administrative measures to allow trade on that basis. Compartmentalisation

8. The Parties may engage in further discussions with regard to the issue of compartmentalisation.

ARTICLE 55

Recognition of equivalence

str. 371. Equivalence may be recognised in relation to:
2. (a) an individual measure;
3. (b) a group of measures; or
4. (c) a system applicable to a sector, sub-sector, commodities or a group of commodities. 2. As regards recognition of equivalence the Parties shall follow the process set out in paragraph 3 of this Article. This process shall include an objective demonstration of equivalence by the exporting Party and an objective assessment of the request by the importing Party. This assessment may include inspections or verifications. 3. Upon request of the exporting Party concerning recognition of equivalence as set out in paragraph 1 of this Article the Parties shall without delay and no later than three months following the receipt of such a request by the importing Party, initiate the consultation process which includes the steps set out in Annex VII to this Agreement. In case of multiple requests from the exporting Party, the Parties, upon request of the importing Party, shall agree within the SPS Sub-Committee referred to in Article 63 of this Agreement on a time schedule in which they shall initiate and conduct the process referred to in this paragraph. 4. Unless otherwise agreed, the importing Party shall finalise the process for recognition of equivalence referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article within 360 days after the receipt of the request of the exporting Party, including a dossier demonstrating the equivalence. This time-limit may be extended with regard to seasonal crops when it is justifiable to delay the assessment to permit verification during a suitable period of growth of a crop. 5. The importing Party determines equivalence as regards plants, plant products and other objects in accordance with the relevant ISPMs. 37

6. The importing Party may withdraw or suspend equivalence on the basis of any amendment by one of the Parties of measures affecting equivalence, provided that the following procedure is followed:
2.

str. 38(a) in accordance with the provisions of Article 56(2) of this Agreement, the exporting Party shall inform the importing Party of any proposal for amendment of its measures for which equivalence of measures is recognised and the likely effect of the proposed measures on the equivalence which has been recognised. Within 30 working days following the receipt of this information, the importing Party shall inform the exporting Party whether or not equivalence would continue to be recognised on the basis of the proposed measures;
3. (b) in accordance with the provisions of Article 56(2) of this Agreement, the importing Party shall promptly inform the exporting Party of any proposal for amendment of its measures on which recognition of equivalence has been based and the likely effect of the proposed measures on the equivalence which has been recognised. Should the importing Party not continue to recognise equivalence, the Parties may agree on the conditions under which to reinitiate the process referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article on the basis of the proposed measures. 7. The recognition, suspension or withdrawal of equivalence rests solely with the importing Party acting in accordance with its administrative and legislative framework. That Party shall provide to the exporting Party in writing full explanation and supporting data used for the determinations and decisions covered by this Article. In case of non-recognition, suspension or withdrawal of equivalence, the importing Party shall indicate to the exporting Party the required conditions on the basis of which the process referred to in paragraph 3 may be reinitiated. 8. Without prejudice to Article 62 of this Agreement, the importing Party may not withdraw or suspend equivalence before the proposed new measures of either Party enter into force. 9. In case equivalence is formally recognised by the importing Party, on the basis of the consultation process as set out in Annex VII to this Agreement, the SPS SubCommittee shall, in accordance with the procedure set out in Article 63(5) of this Agreement, declare the recognition of equivalence in trade between the Parties. This decision may also provide for the reduction of physical checks at the frontiers, simplification of certificates and pre-listing procedures for the establishments, as applicable. The status of recognition of equivalence shall be listed in Annex X to this Agreement.

Transparency and exchange of information

str. 391. Without prejudice to Article 57 of this Agreement, the Parties shall cooperate to enhance mutual understanding of the other Party's official control structure and mechanisms tasked with the application of the measures listed in Annex III to this Agreement and of the performance of such structure and mechanism. This can be achieved, inter alia, through reports of international audits when these are made public and the Parties can exchange information on the results of such audits or other information, as appropriate. 2. In the framework of recognition of equivalence as referred to in Article 55 of this Agreement, the Parties shall keep each other informed of legislative or procedural changes adopted in the concerned areas. The necessary level of cooperation should be reached in order to facilitate transmission of legislative documents upon request of one of the Parties. To this effect, each Party shall notify the other Party of its contact points. The Parties shall also notify each other of any changes to the contact points.

ARTICLE 57

Notification, consultation and facilitation of communication

str. 391. Each Party shall notify in writing the other Party within two working days of any serious or significant human, animal or plant health risk, including any food control emergencies or situations where there is a clearly identified risk of serious health effects associated with the consumption of animal or plant products, in particular:
2. (a) any measures affecting regionalisation decisions referred to in Article 54 of this Agreement;
3. (b) the presence or evolution of any animal disease listed in Annex IV-A to this Agreement or of the regulated pests listed in Annex IV-B to this Agreement;
4. (c) findings of epidemiological importance or important associated risks with respect to animal diseases and pests which are not listed in Annexes IV-A and IVB to this Agreement or which are new animal diseases or pests; and

(d) any additional measures beyond the basic requirements to their respective measures taken to control or eradicate animal diseases or pests or protect public or plant health and any changes in prophylactic policies, including vaccination policies. 2. Notifications shall be made in writing to the contact points referred to in Article 56(2) of this Agreement. A notification in writing means notification by mail, fax or e-mail. 3.

str. 40Where a Party has serious concerns regarding a risk to human, animal or plant health, consultations regarding the situation shall, upon request of that Party, take place as soon as possible and, in any case, within 15 working days from the date of that request. In such situations, each Party shall endeavour to provide all the information necessary to avoid a disruption in trade, and to reach a mutually acceptable solution consistent with the protection of human, animal or plant health. 4. Upon request of a Party, consultations regarding animal welfare shall take place as soon as possible and, in any case, within 20 working days from the date of notification. In such situations, each Party shall endeavour to provide all the requested information. 5. Upon request of a Party, consultations as referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 of this Article shall be held by video or audio conference. The requesting Party shall ensure the preparation of the minutes of the consultation, which shall be formally approved by the Parties. For the purposes of this approval, the provisions of Article 56(2) of this Agreement shall apply. 6. A mutually applied rapid alert system and early warning mechanism for any veterinary and phytosanitary emergencies will start at a later stage after the Parties have decided on the arrangements for the functioning of such mechanisms.

ARTICLE 58

Trade conditions

str. 401. Import conditions prior to recognition of equivalence:
2. (a) The Parties agree to subject imports of any commodity covered by Annexes III-A and III-C(2) and (3) to this Agreement to conditions prior to recognition of equivalence. Without prejudice to the decisions taken in accordance with Article 54 of this Agreement, the import conditions of the importing Party shall be applicable to the total territory of the exporting Party. Upon entry into force of this Agreement and in accordance with the provisions of Article 56 of this Agreement, the importing Party shall inform the exporting Party of its sanitary and/or phytosanitary import requirements for commodities referred to in Annexes III-A and III-C to this Agreement. This information shall include, as appropriate, the models for the official certificates or declarations or commercial documents, as prescribed by the importing Party; and
3.

str. 41(b) (i) Any amendment or proposed amendment of the conditions referred to in

paragraph 1(a) of this Article shall comply with the relevant notification procedures of the SPS Agreement; (ii) Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 62 of this Agreement, the importing Party shall take into account the transport time between the Parties to establish the date of entering into force of the amended conditions referred to in paragraph 1(a) of this Article; and

(iii) If the importing Party fails to comply with the notification requirements referred to in paragraph 1(a) of this Article, it shall continue to accept the certificate or the attestation guaranteeing the previously applicable conditions until 30 days after the amended import conditions enter into force. 2. Import conditions after recognition of equivalence:Import conditions after recognition of equivalence:

(a) Within 90 days following the date of the decision on recognition of equivalence as specified in Article 55(9) of this Agreement, the Parties shall take the necessary legislative and administrative measures to implement the recognition of equivalence in order to allow on that basis trade between them of commodities referred to in Annexes III-A and III-C(2) and (3) to this Agreement. For those commodities, the model for the official certificate or official document required by the importing Party may, then, be replaced by a certificate drawn up as provided for in Annex IX-B to this Agreement;

(b) For commodities in sectors or sub-sectors for which not all measures are recognised as equivalent, trade shall continue on the basis of compliance with the conditions referred to in paragraph 1(a) of this Article. Upon request of the exporting Party, the provisions of paragraph 5 of this Article shall apply. 3. From the date of entry into force of this Agreement, the commodities referred to Annexes III-A and III-C(2) to this Agreement shall not be subject to an import permit between the Parties. 4. For conditions affecting trade of the commodities referred to in paragraph 1(a) of this Article, upon request of the exporting Party, the Parties shall enter into consultations within the SPS Sub-Committee in accordance with the provisions of Article 63 of this Agreement, in order to agree on alternative or additional import conditions of the importing Party. Such alternative or additional import conditions may, when appropriate, be based on measures of the exporting Party recognised as equivalent by the importing Party.

str. 42If agreed, the importing Party shall within 90 days take the necessary legislative and/or administrative measures to allow import on the basis of the agreed import conditions.

5. List of establishments, provisional approval

str. 42(a) For the import of animal products referred to in Part 2 of Annex III-A to this Agreement, upon request of the exporting Party accompanied by the appropriate

41

guarantees, the importing Party shall provisionally approve processing establishments referred to in Annex VI(2) to this Agreement which are situated in the territory of the exporting Party, without prior inspection of individual establishments. Such approval shall be consistent with the conditions and provisions set out in Annex VI to this Agreement. Except when additional information is requested, the importing Party shall take the necessary legislative and/or administrative measures to allow import on that basis within 30 working days following the date of receipt of the request and the relevant guarantees by the importing Party. The initial list of establishments shall be approved in accordance with the provisions of Annex VI to this Agreement. - (b) For the import of animal products referred to in paragraph 2(a) of this Article, the exporting Party shall inform the importing Party of its list of establishments meeting the importing Party's requirements. 6. Upon request of a Party, the other Party shall provide the necessary explanation and the supporting data for the determinations and decisions covered by this Article.

ARTICLE 59

Certification procedure

str. 421. For purposes of certification procedures and issuing of certificates and official documents the Parties agree on the principles set out in Annex IX to this Agreement. 2. The SPS Sub-Committee referred to in Article 63 of this Agreement may agree on the rules to be followed in case of electronic certification, withdrawal or replacement of certificates. 3. The Parties shall agree on common models of certificates, where appropriate.

ARTICLE 60

Verification

str. 421. In order to maintain confidence in the effective implementation of the provisions of this Chapter each Party has the right:
2.

str. 43(a) to carry out verification of all or part of the inspection and certification system of the other Party's authorities, and/or of other measures, where applicable, in accordance with the relevant international standards, guidelines and recom­ mendations of Codex Alimentarius, OIE and IPPC;

- (b) to receive information from the other Party about its control system and be informed of the results of the controls carried out under that system respecting the confidentiality provisions applicable in either Party.

str. 432. Either Party may share the results of the verifications referred to in paragraph 1(a) of this Article with third parties and make the results publicly available as may be required by provisions applicable to either Party. Confidentiality provisions applicable to either Party shall be respected in such sharing and/or publication of the results, where appropriate. 3. If the importing Party decides to carry out a verification visit to the exporting Party, the importing Party shall notify the exporting Party of this verification visit at least 60 working days before the verification visit is to be carried out, except in emergency cases or if the Parties agree otherwise. Any modification to this visit shall be agreed by the Parties. 4. The costs incurred in undertaking a verification of all or part of the other Party's competent authorities' inspection and certification systems and/or other measure, where applicable, shall be borne by the Party carrying out the verification or the inspection. 5. The draft written communication of verifications shall be forwarded to the exporting Party within 60 working days after the end of verification. The exporting Party shall have 45 working days to comment on the draft written communication. Comments made by the exporting Party shall be attached to and, where appropriate included in the final outcome. However, where a significant human, animal or plant health risk has been identified during the verification, the exporting Party shall be informed as quickly as possible and in any case within 10 working days following the end of the verification. 6. For clarity the results of verification may contribute to the procedures referred to in Articles 55 and 61 of this Agreement conducted by the Parties or one of the Parties.

ARTICLE 61

Import checks and inspection fees

str. 431. The Parties agree that import checks by the importing Party of consignments from the exporting Party shall respect the principles set out in Part A of Annex VIII to this Agreement.

str. 44The results of these checks may contribute to the verification process referred to in Article 60 of this Agreement. 2. The frequencies of physical import checks applied by each Party are set out in Part B of Annex VIII to this Agreement. A Party may amend these frequencies within its competences and in accordance with its internal legislation, as a result of progress made in accordance with Articles 55 and 58 of this Agreement, or as a result of

43

verifications, consultations or other measures provided for in this Agreement. The SPS Sub-Committee referred to in Article 63 shall modify Part B of Annex VIII to this Agreement by decision, accordingly. 3. Inspection fees, if applicable, may only cover the costs incurred by the competent authority for performing import checks. The fee shall be calculated on the same basis as the fees charged for the inspection of similar domestic products. 4. The importing Party shall upon request of the exporting Party inform the latter of any amendment, including the reasons for such an amendment concerning the measures affecting import checks and inspection fees, and of any significant changes in the administrative conduct for such checks. 5. From a date to be determined by the SPS Sub-Committee referred to in Article 63 of this Agreement, the Parties may agree on the conditions to approve each other's controls referred to in Article 60(1)(b) of this Agreement with a view to adapt and reciprocally reduce, where applicable, the frequency of physical import checks for the commodities referred to in Article 58(2)(a) of this Agreement. From that date the Parties may reciprocally approve each other's controls for certain commodities and consequently reduce or replace the import checks for these commodities.

ARTICLE 62

Safeguard measures

str. 441. Should the exporting Party take measures within its territory to control any cause likely to constitute a serious hazard or risk to human, animal or plant health, the exporting Party, without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article, shall take equivalent measures to prevent the introduction of the hazard or risk into the territory of the importing Party. 2. On the basis of serious human, animal or plant health grounds, the importing Party may take provisional measures necessary for the protection of human, animal or plant health. For consignments en route between the Parties, the importing Party shall consider the most suitable and proportionate solution in order to avoid unnecessary disruptions to trade. 3. The Party adopting measures under paragraph 2 of this Article shall inform the other Party no later than one working day following the date of the adoption of the measures. Upon request of either Party, and in accordance with the provisions of Article 57(3) of this Agreement, the Parties shall hold consultations regarding the situation within 15 working days of the notification. The Parties shall take due account of any information provided through such consultations and shall endeavour to avoid unnecessary disruption to trade, taking into account, where applicable, the

ARTICLE 63

Sanitary and Phytosanitary Sub-Committee

str. 451. The SPS Sub-Committee is hereby established. It shall meet within three months after the date of entry into force of this Agreement, upon request of either Party thereafter, or at least once every year. If agreed by the Parties, a meeting of the SPS Sub-Committee may be held by video or audio-conference. The SPS SubCommittee may also address issues out of session, by correspondence. 2. The SPS Sub-Committee shall have the following functions:

(a) to consider any matter relating to this Chapter;

(b) to monitor the implementation of this Chapter and examine all matters which may arise in relation to its implementation;

(c) to review the Annexes III to X to this Agreement, notably in the light of progress made under the consultations and procedures provided for under this Chapter;

(d) to modify by means of an endorsement decision Annexes III to X to this Agreement in the light of the review provided for in point (c) of this paragraph, or as otherwise provided in this Chapter; and

(e) to give opinions and make recommendations to other bodies as defined in Title VIII (Institutional, General and Final Provisions) of this Agreement in light of the review provided for in point (c) of this paragraph. 3. The Parties agree to establish technical working groups, when appropriate, consisting of expert-level representatives of the Parties, which shall identify and address technical and scientific issues arising from the application of this Chapter.

str. 46When additional expertise is required, the Parties may establish ad hoc groups, including scientific and expert groups. Membership of such ad hoc groups need not be restricted to representatives of the Parties. 4. The SPS Sub-Committee shall regularly inform by means of a report the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, on its activities and decisions taken within competence. 5. The SPS Sub-Committee shall adopt its working procedures at its first meeting. 6. Any decision, recommendation, report or other action by the SPS SubCommittee or any group established by the SPS Sub-Committee shall be adopted by consensus between the Parties.

CHAPTER 5

Customs and trade facilitation

ARTICLE 64

Objectives

str. 461. The Parties acknowledge the importance of customs and trade facilitation matters in the evolving bilateral trade environment. The Parties agree to reinforce cooperation in this area with a view to ensuring that the relevant legislation and procedures, as well as the administrative capacity of the relevant administrations, fulfil the objectives of effective control and support facilitation of legitimate trade as a matter of principle. 2. The Parties recognise that utmost importance shall be given to public policy objectives including trade facilitation, security and prevention of fraud and a balanced approach to them.

ARTICLE 65

Legislation and procedures

str. 47The Parties agree that their respective trade and customs legislation, as a matter of principle, shall be stable and comprehensive, as well as that the provisions and the procedures shall be proportionate, transparent, predictable, non- discriminatory, impartial and applied uniformly and effectively and will, inter alia:

(a) protect and facilitate legitimate trade through effective enforcement of and compliance with legislative requirements;

(b) avoid unnecessary or discriminatory burdens on economic operators, prevent fraud and provide further facilitation for economic operators having a high level of compliance;

(c) apply a Single Administrative Document (SAD) for the purposes of customs declarations;

(d) take measures which lead to greater efficiency, transparency and simplification of customs procedures and practices at the border;

(e) apply modern customs techniques, including risk assessment, post clearance

controls and company audit methods in order to simplify and facilitate the entry, exit and the release of goods;

str. 47(f) aim at reducing compliance costs and increasing predictability for all economic operators;

(g) without prejudice to the application of objective risk assessment criteria, ensure the non-discriminatory administration of requirements and procedures applicable to imports, exports and goods in transit;

(h) apply the international instruments applicable in the field of customs and trade including those developed by the World Customs Organisation (WCO), the Istanbul Convention on temporary admission of 1990, the International Convention on the Harmonised System of 1983, the WTO, the UN TIR Convention of 1975, the 1982 Convention on harmonisation of frontier controls of goods; and may take into account the WCO Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade where relevant;

(i) take the necessary measures to reflect and implement the provisions of the Revised Kyoto Convention on the Simplification and Harmonisation of Customs Procedures of 1973;

(j) provide for advance binding rulings on tariff classification and rules of origin. The Parties ensure that a ruling may be revoked or annulled only after notification to the affected operator and without retroactive effect, unless the rulings have been made on the basis of incorrect or incomplete information;

(k) introduce and apply simplified procedures for authorised traders according to objective and non-discriminatory criteria;

(l) set rules that ensure that any penalties imposed for breaches of customs regulations or procedural requirements be proportionate and non-discriminatory and, that their application, does not result in unwarranted and unjustified delays; and

(m) apply transparent, non-discriminatory and proportionate rules where government agencies provide services also provided by the private sector. 2. In order to improve working methods, as well as to ensure non-discrimination, transparency, efficiency, integrity and accountability of operations, the Parties shall:

(a) take further steps towards the reduction, the simplification and the standardisation of data and documentation required by customs and other relevant authorities;

(b) simplify requirements and formalities wherever possible, with respect

str. 48to the rapid release and clearance of goods;

(c) provide effective, prompt and non-discriminatory procedures guaranteeing the

47

right of appeal against customs and other relevant authorities' administrative actions, rulings and decisions affecting the goods submitted to customs. Such procedures for appeal shall be easily accessible and any costs shall be reasonable and commensurate with the costs incurred by the authorities to ensure the right of appeal;

(d) take steps to ensure that where a disputed administrative action, ruling or decision is the subject of an appeal, goods should normally be released and duty payments may be left pending, subject to any safeguard measures judged necessary. Where required, the release of the goods should be subject to the provision of a guarantee, such as a surety or a deposit; and

(e) ensure that the highest standards of integrity be maintained, in particular at the border, through the application of measures reflecting the principles of the relevant international conventions and instruments in this field, in particular the WCO Revised Arusha Declaration of 2003, where appropriate. 3. The Parties agree to eliminate:
2. (a) any requirements for the mandatory use of customs brokers; and

(b) any requirements for the mandatory use of pre-shipment or destination inspections.

4. With regard to transit:

str. 48(a) for the purposes of this Agreement, the transit rules and definitions set out in the WTO provisions, in particular Article V of GATT 1994, and related provisions, including any clarifications and amendments resulting from the Doha Round negotiations on trade facilitation shall apply. Those provisions also apply when the transit of goods begins or ends in the territory of a Party;

(b) the Parties shall pursue the progressive interconnectivity of their respective customs transit systems, with a view to the future participation of Georgia in the common transit system 1 ;

(c) the Parties shall ensure cooperation and coordination between all relevant authorities in their territories to facilitate traffic in transit. Parties shall also promote cooperation between the authorities and the private sector in relation to transit.

ARTICLE 66

Relations with the business community

str. 48The Parties agree:

1 Convention of 20 May 1987 on a common transit procedure.

str. 49(a) to ensure that their respective legislation and procedures are transparent, publicly available, as far as possible through electronic means, and contain a justification for their adoption. There should be regular consultations and a reasonable time period between the publication of new or amended provisions and their entry into force;

(b) on the need for timely and regular consultations with trade representatives on legislative proposals and procedures related to customs and trade issues;

(c) to make publicly available relevant notices of administrative nature, including authority's requirements and entry or exit procedures, hours of operations and operating procedures for customs offices at ports and border crossing points, and points of contact for information enquiries;

(d) to foster cooperation between operators and relevant administrations, using non-arbitrary and publicly accessible procedures based, inter alia, on those promulgated by the WCO; and

(e) to ensure that their respective customs and customs-related requirements and procedures continue to meet the legitimate needs of the trading community, follow best practices, and remain the least trade-restrictive possible.

ARTICLE 67

Fees and charges

str. 491. The Parties shall prohibit administrative fees having an equivalent effect to import or export duties or charges. 2. With regard to all fees and charges of whatever character imposed by the customs authorities of each Party, including fees and charges for tasks undertaken on behalf of the said authorities, upon or in connection with import or export and without prejudice to the relevant provisions of Chapter 1 (National Treatment and Market Access for Goods) of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement:
3.

str. 50(a) fees and charges may only be imposed for services provided at the request of the declarant outside normal working conditions, hours of operation and in places other than those referred to in the customs regulations, as well as for any formality related to such services and required for undertaking such import or export; 4. (b) fees and charges shall not exceed the cost of the service provided;
5. (c) fees and charges shall not be calculated on an ad valorem basis;

(d) the information on the fees and the charges shall be published via an officially designated medium, and where feasible and possible, an official website. This

49

information shall include the reason for the fee or the charge for the service provided, the responsible authority, the fees and the charges that will be applied, and when and how payment is to be made; and

(e) new or amended fees and charges shall not be imposed until information on them is published and made readily available.

ARTICLE 68

Customs valuation

str. 501. The provisions of Agreement on the Implementation of Article VII of GATT 1994 contained in Annex 1A to the WTO Agreement, including any subsequent amendments, shall govern the customs valuation of goods in the trade between the Parties. Those provisions of the WTO Agreement are hereby incorporated into this Agreement and made part thereof. Minimum customs values shall not be used. 2. The Parties shall cooperate with a view to reaching a common approach to issues relating to customs valuation.

ARTICLE 69

Customs cooperation

str. 50The Parties shall strengthen cooperation in the area of customs to ensure implementation of the objectives of this Chapter in order to further trade facilitation, while ensuring effective control, security and prevention of fraud.

str. 51In order to ensure compliance with the provisions of this Chapter the Parties shall, inter alia:

- (a) exchange information concerning customs legislation and procedures;
- (b) develop joint initiatives relating to import, export and transit procedures, as well as work towards ensuring that an effective service is provided to the business community;
- (c) cooperate on the automation of customs and other trade procedures;
- (d) exchange, where appropriate, information and data subject to respect of the confidentiality of sensitive data and the protection of personal data;
- (e) cooperate in preventing and combating illicit cross-border traffic in goods, including in tobacco products; (f) exchange information or enter into consultations with a view to establishing where possible, common positions in international organisations in the field of customs such as the WTO, the WCO, the UN, the United Nations Conference on Trade And Development (UNCTAD) and the UN-ECE;

(g) cooperate in the planning and delivery of technical assistance, notably to facilitate customs and trade facilitation reforms in accordance with the relevant provisions of this Agreement;

(h) exchange best practices in customs operations, in particular on risk based customs control systems and on intellectual property rights enforcement, especially in relation to counterfeited products;

(i) promote coordination between all border authorities of the Parties to facilitate border crossing process and enhance control, taking into account joint border controls, where feasible and appropriate; and

(j) establish, where relevant and appropriate, mutual recognition of trade partnership programmes and customs controls, including equivalent trade facilitation measures.

ARTICLE 70

Mutual administrative assistance in customs matters

str. 51Without prejudice to other forms of cooperation envisaged in this Agreement, in particular in Article 69 of this Agreement, the Parties shall provide mutual administrative assistance in customs matters in accordance with the provisions of Protocol II on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Customs Matters to this Agreement.

ARTICLE 71

Technical assistance and capacity building

str. 51The Parties shall cooperate with a view to providing technical assistance and capacity building for the implementation of trade facilitation and customs reforms.

Article 72

Customs Sub-Committee

str. 511. The Customs Sub-Committee is hereby established.

str. 52It shall report to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement. 2. The function of the Sub-Committee shall include regular consultations and monitoring of the implementation and the administration of this Chapter, including but not limited to the issues of customs cooperation, cross-border customs cooperation and management, technical assistance, rules of origin, trade facilitation, as well as mutual administrative assistance in customs matters. 3. The Customs Sub-Committee shall, inter alia:
3. (a) see to the proper functioning of this Chapter and of Protocols I and II to this Agreement;

(b) adopt practical arrangements, measures and decisions to implement this chapter and Protocols I and II to this Agreement, including on exchange of information and data, mutual recognition of customs controls and trade partnership programmes, and mutually agreed benefits;

- (c) exchange views on any points of common interest, including future measures and the resources needed for their implementation and application;
- (d) make recommendations where appropriate; and
- (e) adopt its internal rules of procedure.

CHAPTER 6

Section 1

ARTICLE 73

Objective, scope and coverage

str. 521. The Parties, reaffirming their respective commitments under the WTO Agreement hereby lay down the necessary arrangements for the progressive reciprocal liberalisation of establishment and trade in services and for cooperation on electronic commerce. 2. Public procurement is covered in Chapter 8 (Public procurement) of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement and nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to impose any obligation with respect to public procurement. 3. Subsidies are covered in Chapter 10 (Competition) of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement and the provisions of this Chapter shall not apply to subsidies granted by the Parties.

str. 534. Consistent with the provisions of this Chapter, each Party retains the right to regulate and to introduce new regulations to meet legitimate policy objectives. 5. This Chapter shall not apply to measures affecting natural persons seeking access to the employment market of a Party, nor shall it apply to measures regarding citizenship, residence or employment on a permanent basis. 6. Nothing in this Chapter shall prevent a Party from applying measures to regulate the entry of natural persons into, or their temporary stay in, its territory, including those measures necessary to protect the integrity of, and to ensure the orderly movement of natural persons across its borders, provided that such measures are not applied in such a manner as to nullify or impair the benefits accruing to any Party under the terms of a specific commitment in this Chapter and Annex XI to this Agreement 1 .

ARTICLE 74

Definitions

(h) 'establishment' means:

str. 54(i) as regards juridical persons of the United Kingdom or of Georgia, the right to take up and pursue economic activities by means of setting up, including the acquisition of, a juridical person and/or create a branch or a representative office in Georgia or in the United Kingdom respectively;

(ii) as regards natural persons, the right of natural persons of the United Kingdom or of Georgia to take up and pursue economic activities as self-employed persons, and to set up undertakings, in particular companies, which they effectively control. 1 For greater certainty, that territory shall include the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, as provided for in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). 2 A judicial person is controlled by another juridicial person if the latter has the power to name a majority of its directors or otherwise to legally direct its actions.

Section 2

ARTICLE 75

Scope

str. 55This Section applies to measures adopted or maintained by the Parties affecting establishment in all economic activities with the exception of:

- (a) mining, manufacturing and processing 1 of nuclear materials;
- (b) production of or trade in arms, munitions and war matèriel;
- (c) audio-visual services;

1 For greater certainty, processing of nuclear materials includes all the activities contained in UN ISIC Rev.3.1 code 2330

- (d) national maritime cabotage 1 , and
- (e) domestic and international air transport services 2 , whether scheduled or nonscheduled, and services directly related to the exercise of traffic rights, other than:
- (i) aircraft repair and maintenance services during which an aircraft is withdrawn from service;
- (ii) the selling and marketing of air transport services;
- (iii) computer reservation system (CRS) services;
- (iv) ground-handling services;
- (v) airport operation services.

ARTICLE 76

National treatment and most favoured nation treatment

str. 561. Subject to the reservations listed in Annex XI-E to this Agreement, Georgia shall grant, upon entry into force of this Agreement:

-as regards the establishment of subsidiaries, branches and representative offices of juridical persons of the United Kingdom: treatment no less favourable than that accorded to its own juridical persons, their branches and representative offices; or to subsidiaries, branches and representative offices of any third country's juridical persons, whichever is the better;

-as regards the operation of subsidiaries, branches and representative offices of juridical persons of the United Kingdom in Georgia, once established: treatment no less favourable than that accorded to its own juridical persons, their branches and representative offices; or to subsidiaries, branches and representative offices of any third country's juridical persons, whichever is the better 3 . 1 Without prejudice to the scope of activities which may be considered as cabotage under the relevant domestic legislation, national maritime cabotage under this Chapter covers transportation of passengers or goods between a port or point located in Georgia or the United Kingdom and another port or point located in Georgia or the United Kingdom, including on its continental shelf, as provided in the UNCLOS and traffic originating and terminating in the same port or point located in Georgia or the United Kingdom. 2 The conditions of mutual market access in air transport shall be dealt with by an agreement or arrangement governing air services between Georgia and the United Kingdom. 3 This obligation does not extend to the investment protection provisions not covered by this Chapter, including provisions relating to investor-to-state dispute settlement procedures, as found in other agreements.

str. 572. Subject to reservations listed in Annex XI-A to this Agreement, the United Kingdom shall grant, upon entry into force of this Agreement:
- i) as regards the establishment of subsidiaries, branches and representative offices of juridical persons of Georgia: treatment no less favourable than that accorded to its own juridical persons, their branches and representative offices; or to subsidiaries, branches and representative offices of any third country's juridical persons, whichever is the better;
3. ii) as regards the operation of subsidiaries, branches and representative offices of juridical persons of Georgia in the United Kingdom, once established: treatment no less favourable than that accorded to its own juridical persons, their branches and representative offices; or to subsidiaries, branches and representative offices of any third country's juridical persons, whichever is the better 1 . 3. Subject to reservations listed in Annexes XI-A and XI-E to this Agreement, the Parties shall not adopt any new regulations or measures which introduce discrimination as regards the establishment of juridical persons of the United Kingdom or of Georgia on their territory or in respect of their operation, once established, by comparison with their own juridical persons.

ARTICLE 77

Review

str. 571. With a view to progressively liberalising the establishment conditions, the Parties shall regularly review the provisions of this Section and the list of reservations referred to in Article 76 of this Agreement as well as the establishment environment, consistent with their commitments in international agreements. 2. In the context of the review referred to in paragraph 1, the Parties shall assess any obstacles to establishment that have been encountered.

str. 58With a view to deepening the provisions of this Chapter, the Parties shall find, if need be, appropriate ways to address such obstacles, which could include further negotiations, including with respect to investment protection and to investor-to-state dispute settlement procedures. 1 This obligation does not extend to the investment protection provisions not covered by this Chapter, including provisions relating to investor-to-state dispute settlement procedures, as found in other agreements. 57

ARTICLE 78

Other agreements

str. 58This Chapter shall not affect the rights of entrepreneurs of the Parties arising from any existing or future international agreement relating to investment, to which the United Kingdom and Georgia are parties.

ARTICLE 79

Standard of treatment for branches and representative offices

str. 581. The provisions of Article 76 of this Agreement do not preclude the application by a Party of particular rules concerning the establishment and operation in its territory of branches and representative offices of juridical persons of another Party not incorporated in the territory of the first Party, which are justified by legal or technical differences between such branches and representative offices as compared to branches and representative offices of juridical persons incorporated in its territory or, as regards financial services, for prudential reasons. 2. The difference in treatment shall not go beyond what is strictly necessary as a result of such legal or technical differences or, as regards financial services, for prudential reasons.

Section 3

ARTICLE 80

Scope

str. 58This Section applies to measures of the Parties affecting the cross border supply of all services sectors with the exception of:

- (a) audio-visual services;
- (b) national maritime cabotage 1 , and

1 Without prejudice to the scope of activities which may be considered as cabotage under the relevant national legislation, national maritime cabotage under this Chapter covers transportation of passengers or goods between a port or point located in Georgia or the United Kingdom and another port or point located in Georgia or the United Kingdom , including on its continental shelf, as provided in the UNCLOS and traffic originating and terminating in the same port or point located in Georgia or the United Kingdom.

str. 59(c) domestic and international air transport services 1 , whether scheduled or nonscheduled, and services directly related to the exercise of traffic rights other than:

(i) aircraft repair and maintenance services during which an aircraft is withdrawn from service;

- (ii) the selling and marketing of air transport services;
- (iii) computer reservation system (CRS) services;
- (iv) ground-handling services;
- (v) airport operation services.

ARTICLE 81

Market access

str. 591. With respect to market access through the cross-border supply of services, each Party shall accord services and service suppliers of the other Party a treatment not less favourable than that provided for in the specific commitments contained in Annexes XI-B and XI-F to this Agreement. 2. In sectors where market access commitments are undertaken, the measures which a Party shall not maintain or adopt either on the basis of a regional subdivision or on the basis of its entire territory, unless otherwise specified in Annexes XI-B and XI-F to this Agreement are defined as:

(a) limitations on the number of services suppliers whether in the form of numerical quotas, monopolies, exclusive service suppliers or the requirements of an economic needs test;

(b) limitations on the total value of service transactions or assets in the form of numerical quotas or the requirement of an economic needs test, or

(c) limitations on the total number of service operations or on the total quantity of service output expressed in the terms of designated numerical units in the form of quotas or the requirement of an economic needs test. 1 The conditions of mutual market access in air transport shall be dealt with by an agreement or arrangement governing air services between Georgia and the United Kingdom.

ARTICLE 82

National treatment

str. 591. In the sectors where market access commitments are inscribed in Annexes XIB and XI-F to this Agreement, and subject to any conditions and qualifications set out therein, each Party shall grant to services and service suppliers of the other Party, in respect of all measures affecting the cross-border supply of services, treatment no less favourable than that it accords to its own like services and services suppliers. 2. A

str. 60Party may meet the requirement of paragraph 1 by according to services and service suppliers of the other Party either formally identical treatment or formally different treatment to that it accords to its own like services and service suppliers. 3. Formally identical or formally different treatment shall be considered to be less favourable if it modifies the conditions of competition in favour of services or service suppliers of the Party compared to like services or service suppliers of the other Party. 4. Specific commitments entered into under this Article shall not be construed to require any Party to compensate for inherent competitive disadvantages which result from the foreign character of the relevant services or services suppliers.

ARTICLE 83

Lists of commitments

str. 60The sectors liberalised by each Party pursuant to this Section and, by means of reservations, the market access and national treatment limitations applicable to services and services suppliers of the other Party in those sectors are set out in lists of commitments included in Annexes XI-B and XI-F to this Agreement.

ARTICLE 84

Review

str. 60With a view to the progressive liberalisation of the cross-border supply of services between the Parties, the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, shall regularly review the list of commitments referred to in Article 83 of this Agreement. This review shall take into account Article 117 and its impact on the elimination of remaining obstacles to cross-border supply of services between the Parties.

Section 4

ARTICLE 85

Scope and definitions

str. 601. This Section applies to measures of the Parties concerning the entry and temporary stay in their territories of key personnel, graduate trainees, business sellers, contractual service suppliers and independent professionals in accordance with Article 73(5) of this Agreement.

2.

Key personnel and graduate trainees

str. 631. For every sector committed in accordance with Section 2 (Establishment) of this Chapter and subject to any reservations listed in Annexes XI-A and XI-E to this Agreement, or in Annexes XI-C and XI-G to this Agreement, each Party shall allow entrepreneurs of the other Party to employ in their establishment natural persons of that other Party provided that such employees are key personnel or graduate trainees as defined in Article 85 to this Agreement. The temporary entry and temporary stay of key personnel and graduate trainees shall be for a period of no longer than three years for intra-corporate transferees, 90 days in any 12-month period for business visitors for establishment purposes, and one year for graduate trainees. 2. For every sector committed in accordance with Section 2 (Establishment) of this Chapter, the measures which a Party shall not maintain or adopt either on the basis of a regional subdivision or on the basis of its entire territory, unless otherwise specified in Annexes XI-C and XI-G to this Agreement, are defined as limitations on the total number of natural persons that an entrepreneur may employ as key personnel and graduate trainees in a specific sector in the form of numerical quotas or a requirement of an economic needs test and as discriminatory limitations.

ARTICLE 87

Business sellers

str. 63For every sector committed in accordance with Section 2 (Establishment) or Section 3 (Cross-border supply of services) of this Chapter and subject to any reservations listed in Annexes XI-A, XI-E, and XI-B and XI-F to this Agreement, each Party shall allow the entry and temporary stay of business sellers for a period of no longer than 90 days in any 12-month period.

ARTICLE 88

Contractual service suppliers

str. 631. The Parties reaffirm their respective obligations arising from their commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) as regards the entry and temporary stay of contractual services suppliers. In accordance with Annexes XI-D and XI-H to this Agreement, each Party shall allow the supply of services into their territory by contractual services suppliers of the other Party, subject to the conditions specified in paragraph 2 of this Article. 2.

str. 64The commitments undertaken by the Parties are subject to the following conditions:

(a) the natural persons must be engaged in the supply of a service on a temporary basis as employees of a juridical person, which has obtained a service contract not exceeding 12 months;

(b) the natural persons entering the other Party should be offering such services as employees of the juridical person supplying the services for at least the year immediately preceding the date of submission of an application for entry into the other Party. In addition, the natural persons must possess, at the date of submission of an application for entry into the other Party, at least three years professional experience 1 in the sector of activity which is the subject of the contract;

(c) the natural persons entering the other Party must possess:

(i) a university degree or a qualification demonstrating knowledge of an equivalent level 2 ; and

(ii) professional qualifications where this is required to exercise an activity pursuant to the laws, regulations or legal requirements of the Party where the service is supplied;

(d) the natural person shall not receive remuneration for the provision of services in the territory of the other Party other than the remuneration paid by the juridical person employing the natural person;

(e) the entry and temporary stay of natural persons within the Party concerned shall be for a cumulative period of not more than six months in any 12-month period or for the duration of the contract, whichever is less;

(f) access accorded under the provisions of this Article relates only to the service activity which is the subject of the contract and does not confer entitlement to exercise the professional title of the Party where the service is supplied;

(g) the number of persons covered by the service contract shall not be larger than necessary to fulfil the contract, as it may be requested by the laws, regulations or other legal requirements of the Party where the service is supplied.

ARTICLE 89

Independent professionals

str. 641. In accordance with Annexes XI-D and XI-H to this Agreement, the Parties

1 Obtained after having reached the age of majority, as defined under applicable domestic legislation. 2 Where the degree or qualification has not been obtained in the Party where the service is supplied, that Party may evaluate whether this is equivalent to a university degree required in its territory.

shall allow the supply of services into their territory by independent professionals of the other Party, subject to the conditions specified in paragraph 2 of this Article.

str. 652. The commitments undertaken by the Parties are subject to the following conditions:

(a) the natural persons must be engaged in the supply of a service on a temporary basis as self-employed persons established in the other Party and must have obtained a service contract for a period not exceeding 12 months;

(b) the natural persons entering the other Party must possess, at the date of submission of an application for entry into the other Party, at least six years professional experience in the sector of activity which is the subject of the contract;

(c) the natural persons entering the other Party must possess:

(i) a university degree or a qualification demonstrating knowledge of an equivalent level 1 and

(ii) professional qualifications where this is required to exercise an activity pursuant to the laws, regulations or other legal requirements of the Party where the service is supplied;

(d) the entry and temporary stay of natural persons within the Party concerned shall be for a cumulative period of not more than six months in any 12-month period or for the duration of the contract, whichever is less;

(e) access accorded under the provisions of this Article relates only to the service activity which is the subject of the contract and does not confer entitlement to exercise the professional title of the Party where the service is provided.

Domestic Regulation

ARTICLE 90

Scope and definitions

str. 651. The following disciplines apply to measures by the Parties relating to licencing requirements and procedures, qualification requirements and procedures that affect:

1 Where the degree or qualification has not been obtained in the Party where the service is supplied, that Party may evaluate whether this is equivalent to a university degree required in its territory.

Conditions for licencing and qualification

str. 671. Each Party shall ensure that measures relating to licencing requirements and procedures, qualification requirements and procedures are based on criteria which preclude the competent authorities from exercising their power of assessment in an arbitrary manner. 2. The criteria referred to in paragraph 1 shall be:
2. (a) proportionate to a public policy objective;
3. (b) clear and unambiguous;
4. (c) objective;
5. (d) pre-established;
6. (e) made public in advance;
7. (f) transparent and accessible. 3. An authorisation or a licence shall be granted as soon as it is established, in the light of an appropriate examination, that the conditions for obtaining an authorisation or licence have been met. 4. Each Party shall maintain or institute judicial, arbitral or administrative tribunals or procedures which provide, at the request of an affected entrepreneur or service supplier, for a prompt review of, and where justified, appropriate remedies for, administrative decisions affecting establishment, cross-border supply of services or temporary presence of natural persons for business purposes. Where such procedures are not independent of the agency entrusted with the adminis­trative decision concerned, each Party shall ensure that the procedures in fact provide for an objective and impartial review. 5. Where the number of licences available for a given activity is limited because of the scarcity of available natural resources or technical capacity, each Party shall apply a selection procedure to potential candidates which provides full guarantees of impartiality and transparency, including, in particular, adequate publicity about the launch, conduct and completion of the procedure. 6. Subject to the provisions specified by this Article, in establishing the rules for the selection procedure, each Party may take into account public policy objectives, including considerations of health, safety, the protection of the environment and the preservation of cultural heritage.

ARTICLE 92

Licencing and qualification procedures

str. 671. Licencing and qualification procedures and formalities shall be clear, made public in advance and be such as to provide the applicants with a guarantee that their application will be dealt with objectively and impartially. 2. Licencing and qualification procedures and formalities shall be as simple as possible and shall not unduly complicate or delay the provision of the service. Any licencing fees 1 which the applicants may incur from their application should be reasonable and proportionate to the cost of the authorisation procedures in question. 3. Each Party shall ensure that the procedures used by, and the decisions of, the competent authority in the licencing or authorisation process are impartial with respect to all applicants. The competent authority should reach its decision in an independent manner and not be accountable to any supplier of the services for which the licence or authorisation is required. 4. Where specific time periods for applications exist, an applicant shall be allowed a reasonable period for the submission of an application. The competent authority shall initiate the processing of an application without undue delay. Where possible, applications should be accepted in electronic format under the same conditions of authenticity as paper submissions. 5. Each Party shall ensure that the processing of an application, including reaching a final decision, is completed within a reasonable timeframe from the submission of a complete application. Each Party shall endeavour to establish the normal timeframe for processing of an application. 6. The competent authority shall, within a reasonable period of time after receipt of an application which it considers incomplete, inform the applicant, to the extent feasible identify the additional information required to complete the application, and provide the opportunity to correct deficiencies. 7. Authenticated copies should be accepted, where possible, in place of original documents. 8. If an application is rejected by the competent authority, the applicant shall be informed in writing and without undue delay. In principle, the applicant shall, upon request, also be informed of the reasons for rejection of the application and of the timeframe for an appeal against the decision. 9. Each Party shall ensure that a licence or an authorisation, once granted, enters

1 Licencing fees do not include payments for auction, tendering or other non-discriminatory means of awarding concessions, or mandated contributions to universal service provision. into effect without undue delay in accordance with the terms and conditions specified therein.

Provisions of general application

ARTICLE 93

Mutual recognition

str. 691. Nothing in this Chapter shall prevent a Party from requiring that natural persons must possess the necessary qualifications and/or professional experience specified in the territory where the service is supplied, for the sector of activity concerned. 2. Each Party shall encourage the relevant professional bodies in their respective territories to provide recommendations on mutual recognition to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, for the purpose of the fulfilment, in whole or in part, by entrepreneurs and service suppliers of the criteria applied by each Party for the authorisation, licensing, operation and certification of entrepreneurs and service suppliers and, in particular, professional services. 3. On receipt of a recommendation referred to in paragraph 2, Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration shall, within a reasonable time, review that recommendation with a view to determine whether it is consistent with this Agreement, and on the basis of the information contained therein, assess in particular
4. (a) the extent to which the standards and criteria applied by each Party for the authorisation, licenses, operation and certification of services providers and entrepreneurs are converging, and
5. (b) the potential economic value of a mutual recognition agreement. 4. Where these requirements are satisfied, the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration shall establish the necessary steps to negotiate and thereafter the Parties shall engage into negotiations, through their competent authorities, of a mutual recognition agreement. 5. Any such agreement shall be in conformity with the relevant provisions of the WTO Agreement and, in particular, Article VII of GATS.

ARTICLE 94

Transparency and disclosure of confidential information

str. 701. Each Party shall respond promptly to all requests by the other Party for specific information on any of its measures of general application or international agreements which pertain to or affect this Agreement. Each Party shall also establish one or more enquiry points to provide specific information to entrepreneurs and services suppliers of the other Party, upon request, on all such matters. The Parties shall notify each other enquiry points within three months after the date of entry into force of this Agreement. Enquiry points need not be depositories of laws and regulations. 2. Nothing in this Agreement shall require any Party to provide confidential information, the disclosure of which would impede law enforcement, or otherwise be contrary to the public interest, or which would prejudice legitimate commercial interests of particular enterprises, public or private.

Computer services

Article 95

Understanding on computer services

str. 701. To the extent that trade in computer services is liberalised in accordance with Section 2 (Establishment), Section 3 (Cross-border supply of services) and Section 4 (Temporary presence of natural persons for business purposes) of this Chapter, the Parties shall comply with paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 of this Article. 2. CPC 1 84, the UN code used for describing computer and related services, covers the basic functions used to provide all computer and related services:
3. (a) computer programmes defined as the sets of instructions required to make computers work and communicate (including their development and implementation);
4. (b) data processing and storage, and
5. (c) related services, such as consultancy and training services for staff of clients.

str. 71Technological developments have led to the increased offering of those services as a bundle or package of related services that can include some or all of those basic

1 CPC means the Central Products Classification as set out in Statistical Office of the UN, Statistical Papers, Series M, N o 77, CPC prov, 1991

functions. For example, services such as web- or domain-hosting, data mining services and grid computing each consist of a combination of basic computer services functions.

str. 713. Computer and related services, regardless of whether they are delivered via a network, including the internet, include all services that provide:
2. (a) consulting, strategy, analysis, planning, specification, design, development, installation, implementation, integration, testing, debugging, updating, support, technical assistance, or management of or for computers or computer systems;
3. (b) computer programmes defined as sets of instructions required to make computers work and communicate (in and of themselves), plus consulting, strategy, analysis, planning, specification, design, development, installation, implemen­tation, integration, testing, debugging, updating, adaptation, maintenance, support, technical assistance, management or use of or for computer programs; or
4. (c) data processing, data storage, data hosting or database services; or maintenance and repair services for office machinery and equipment, including computers; or training services for staff of clients, related to computer programmes, computers or computer systems, and not elsewhere classified. 4. Computer and related services enable the provision of other services (e.g. banking) by both electronic and other means. However, there is an important distinction between the enabling service (e.g. web-hosting or application-hosting) and the content or core service that is being delivered electronically (e.g. banking). In such cases, the content or core service is not covered by CPC 84.

Postal and courier services

ARTICLE 96

Scope and definitions

ARTICLE 97

Universal service

str. 72Each Party has the right to define the kind of universal service obligation it wishes to maintain. Such obligations will not be regarded as anti-competitive per se, provided they are administered in a transparent, non-discriminatory and competi­tively neutral manner and are not more burdensome than necessary for the kind of universal service defined by the Party.

ARTICLE 98

Licences

str. 721. A licence may only be required for services which are within the scope of the universal service. 2. Where a licence is required, the following shall be made publicly available:
3. (a) all the licensing criteria and the period of time normally required to reach a decision concerning an application for a licence; and
4. (b) the terms and conditions of licences. 3. The reasons for the denial of a licence shall be made known to the applicant upon request and an appeal procedure through an independent body will be established by each Party. Such a procedure will be transparent, non-discriminatory and based on objective criteria.

ARTICLE 99

Independence of the regulatory body

str. 72The regulatory body shall be legally separate from, and not accountable to any supplier of postal and courier services. The decisions of and the procedures used by the regulatory body shall be impartial with respect to all market participants.

Electronic communication networks and services

ARTICLE 100

Scope and definitions

str. 721. This Sub-Section sets out the principles of the regulatory framework for all electronic communication services liberalised pursuant to Section 2 (Establishment), Section 3 (Cross-border supply of services) and Section 4 (Temporary presence of natural persons for business purposes) of this Chapter. 2. For the purpose of this Sub-Section and Section 2 (Establishment), Section 3 (Cross-border supply of services) and Section 4 (Temporary presence of natural persons for business purposes) of this Chapter:
3.

ARTICLE 101

Regulatory authority

str. 741. Each Party shall ensure that regulatory authorities for electronic communication services shall be legally distinct and functionally independent from any supplier of electronic communication services. If a Party retains ownership or control of a supplier providing electronic communication networks or services, such Party shall ensure the effective structural separation of the regulatory function from activities associated with ownership or control. 2. Each Party shall ensure that the regulatory authority shall be sufficiently empowered to regulate the sector. The tasks to be undertaken by a regulatory authority shall be made public in an easily accessible and clear form, in particular where those tasks are assigned to more than one body. 3. Each Party shall ensure that the decisions of and the procedures used by the regulatory authorities are impartial with respect to all market participants and transparent.

str. 754. The regulatory authority shall have the power to carry out an analysis of relevant product and service markets liable to an ex ante regulation. Where the regulatory authority is required to determine under Article 103 of this Agreement whether to impose, maintain, amend or withdraw obligations it shall determine on the basis of a market analysis whether the relevant market is effectively competitive. 5. Where the regulatory authority determines that a relevant market is not effectively competitive, it shall identify and designate services suppliers with significant market power on that market and shall impose, maintain or amend specific regulatory obligations referred to in Article 103 of this Agreement as it is appropriate. Where the regulatory authority concludes that the market is effectively competitive it shall not impose or maintain any of the regulatory obligations referred to in Article 103 of this Agreement. 6. Each Party shall ensure that a services supplier affected by the decision of a regulatory authority shall have a right to appeal against that decision to an appeal body that is independent of the parties involved in the decision. Each Party shall ensure that the merits of the case are duly taken into account. Pending the outcome of any such appeal, the decision of the regulator shall stand, unless the appeal body decides otherwise. Where the appeal body is not judicial in character, written reasons for its decision shall always be given and its decisions shall also be subject to review by an impartial and independent judicial authority. Decisions taken by appeal bodies shall be effectively enforced. 7. Each Party shall ensure that where the regulatory authorities intend to take measures related to any of the provisions of this Sub-Section and which have a significant impact to the relevant market, they give the interested parties the opportunity to comment on the draft measure within a reasonable period of time. Regulators shall publish their consultation procedures. The results of the consultation procedure shall be made publicly available except in the case of confidential information. 8. Each Party shall ensure that suppliers providing electronic communication networks and services provide all the information, including financial information, necessary for regulatory authorities to ensure conformity with the provisions of this Sub-Section or decisions made in accordance with this Sub-Section. These suppliers shall provide such information promptly on request and to the time-table and level of detail required by the regulatory authority.

str. 76The information requested by the regulatory authority shall be proportionate to the performance of that task. The regulatory authority shall give the reasons justifying its request for information.

ARTICLE 102

Authorisation to provide electronic communication services

str. 761. Each Party shall ensure that the provision of services shall, as much as possible, be authorised following mere notification. 2. Each Party shall ensure that a licence can be required to address issues of attributions of numbers and frequencies. The terms and conditions for such licences shall be made publicly available. 3. Each Party shall ensure that where a licence is required:
4. (a) all the licensing criteria and a reasonable period of time normally required t reach a decision concerning an application for a licence shall be made publicly available;

(b) the reasons for the denial of a licence shall be made known in writing to the applicant upon request;

- (c) the applicant of a licence shall be able to seek recourse before an appeal body in case that a licence is unduly denied;

(d) licence fees 1 required by any Party for granting a licence shall not exceed the administrative costs normally incurred in the management, control and enforcement of the applicable licences. Licence fees for the use of radio spectrum and numbering resources are not subject to the requirements of this paragraph.

ARTICLE 103

Access and interconnection

str. 761. Each Party shall ensure that any services suppliers authorised to provide electronic communication services have the right and obligation to negotiate access and interconnection with suppliers of publicly available electronic communication networks and services. Access and interconnection should in principle be agreed on the basis of commercial negotiation between the services suppliers concerned. 2. Each Party shall ensure that services suppliers that acquire information from another services supplier during the process of negotiating interconnection arrangements use that information solely for the purpose for which it was supplied and respect at all times the confidentiality of information transmitted or stored. 1 Licence fees do not include payments for auction, tendering or other non-discriminatory means of awarding concessions, or mandated contributions to universal service provision. 3. Each Party shall ensure that upon the finding in accordance with Article 101 of this Agreement that a relevant market is not effectively competitive, the regulatory authority shall have the power to impose on the supplier designated as having significant market power one or more of the following obligations in relation to interconnection and/or access:

str. 77(a) obligation on non-discrimination to ensure that the operator applies equivalent conditions in equivalent circumstances to other suppliers providing equivalent services, and provides services and information to others under the same conditions and of the same quality as it provides for its own services, or those of its subsidiaries or partners;

(b) obligation of a vertically integrated company to make transparent its wholesale prices and its internal transfer prices, where there is a requirement for nondiscrimination or for prevention of unfair cross-subsidy. The regulatory authority may specify the format and accounting methodology to be used;

(c) obligations to meet reasonable requests for access to, and use of, specific network elements and associated facilities, including unbundled access to the local loop, inter alia, in situations where the regulatory authority considers that denial of access or unreasonable terms and conditions having a similar effect would hinder the emergence of a sustainable competitive market at the retail level, or would not be in the end user's interest. Regulatory authorities may attach conditions covering fairness, reasonableness and timeliness to the obligations included under this point;

(d) to provide specified services on a wholesale basis for resale by third parties; to grant open access to technical interfaces, protocols or other key technologies that are indispensable for the interoperability of services or virtual network services; to provide co-location or other forms of facility sharing, including duct, building or mast sharing; to provide specified services needed to ensure interoperability of endto-end services to users, including facilities for intelligent network services; to provide access to operational support systems or similar software systems necessary to ensure fair competition in the provision of services; to interconnect networks or network facilities. Regulatory authorities may attach conditions covering fairness, reasonableness and timeliness to the obligations included under this point;

(e) obligations relating to cost recovery and price controls, including obligations for cost orientation of prices and obligations concerning cost accounting systems, for the provision of specific types of interconnection and/or access, in situations where a market analysis indicates that a lack of effective competition means that the operator concerned might sustain prices at an excessively high level, or apply a price squeeze, to the detriment of end-users. Regulatory authorities shall take into account the investment made by

str. 78the operator

- and allow the operator a reasonable rate of return on adequate capital employed, taking into account the risks involved;
- (f) to publish the specific obligations imposed on services suppliers by the regulatory authority identifying the specific product/service and geographical markets. Up-to-date information, provided that it is not confidential and it does not comprise business secrets is made publicly available in a manner that guarantees all interested parties easy access to that information;
- (g) obligations for transparency requiring operators to make public specified information and, in particular, where an operator has obligations of nondiscrimination, the regulator may require that operator to publish a reference offer, which shall be sufficiently unbundled to ensure that services suppliers are not required to pay for facilities which are not necessary for the service requested, giving a description of the relevant offerings broken down into components according to market needs, and the associated terms and conditions including prices. 4. Each Party shall ensure that a service supplier requesting interconnection with a supplier designated as having significant market power shall have recourse, either at any time or after a reasonable period of time which has been made publicly known, to an independent domestic body, which may be a regulatory body as referred to in Article 100(2)(d) of this Agreement, to resolve disputes regarding terms and conditions for interconnection and/or access.

ARTICLE 104

Scarce resources

str. 781. Each Party shall ensure that any procedures for the allocation and use of scarce resources, including frequencies, numbers and rights of way, shall be carried out in an objective, proportionate, timely, transparent and non-discriminatory manner. The current state of allocated frequency bands shall be made publicly available, but detailed identification of frequencies allocated for specific government uses is not required. 2. Each Party shall ensure the effective management of radio frequencies for electronic communication services in their territory with a view to ensure effective and efficient use of the spectrum. Where demand for specific frequencies exceeds their availability, appropriate and transparent procedures shall be followed for the assignment of these frequencies in order to optimise their use and facilitate the development of competition. 3. Each Party shall ensure that the assignment of national numbering resources and the management of the national numbering plans are entrusted to the regulatory authority.

str. 794. Where public or local authorities retain ownership or control of suppliers operating public communications networks and/or services, effective structural separation needs to be ensured between the function responsible for granting the rights of way from activities associated with ownership or control.

ARTICLE 105

Universal service

str. 791. Each Party has the right to define the kind of universal service obligations it wishes to maintain. 2. Such obligations will not be regarded as anti-competitive per se, provided they are administered in a transparent, objective and non-discriminatory way. The administration of such obligations shall also be neutral with respect to competition and be not more burdensome than necessary for the kind of universal service defined by the Party. 3. Each Party shall ensure that all suppliers should be eligible to ensure universal service and no services supplier shall be a priori excluded. The designation shall be made through an efficient, transparent, objective and non-discriminatory mechanism. Where necessary, each Party shall assess whether the provision of universal service represents an unfair burden on organisation(s) designated to provide universal service. Where justified on the basis of such calculation, and taking into account the market benefit, if any, which accrues to an organisation that offers the universal service, regulatory authorities shall determine whether a mechanism is required to compensate the services supplier(s) concerned or to share the net cost of universal service obligations. 4. Each Party shall ensure that, where directories of all subscribers are available to users, whether printed or electronic, the organisations that provide those directories apply the principle of non-discrimination to the treatment of information that has been provided to them by other organisations.

ARTICLE 106

Cross-border provision of electronic communication services

str. 79Neither Party may require a service supplier of the other Party to set up an establishment, to establish any form of presence, or to be resident, in its territory as a condition for the cross-border supply of a service.

ARTICLE 107

Confidentiality of information

str. 80Each Party shall ensure the confidentiality of electronic communications and related traffic data by means of a public communication network and publicly available electronic communication services without restricting trade in services.

ARTICLE 108

Disputes between services suppliers

str. 801. Each Party shall ensure that in the event of a dispute arising between suppliers of electronic communication networks or services in connection with rights and obligations referred to in this Section, the regulatory authority concerned shall, at the request of either Party, issue a binding decision to resolve the dispute in the shortest possible timeframe and in any case within four months. 2. The decision of the regulatory authority shall be made available to the public, having regard to the requirements of business confidentiality. The suppliers of electronic communication networks and services concerned shall be given a full statement of the reasons on which it is based. 3. When such a dispute concerns the cross-border provision of services, the regulatory authorities concerned shall co- ordinate their efforts in order to bring about a resolution of the dispute. Sub - section 6

Financial services

ARTICLE 109

Scope and definitions

(8) money broking;

str. 81(9) asset management, such as cash or portfolio management, all forms of collective investment management, pension fund management, custodial, depository and trust services;

(10) settlement and clearing services for financial assets, including securities, derivative products, and other

ARTICLE 110

Prudential carve-out

str. 821. Each Party may adopt or maintain measures for prudential reasons, such as:

(a) the protection of investors, depositors, policy-holders or persons to whom a fiduciary duty is owed by a financial service supplier;

(b) ensuring the integrity and stability of a Party's financial system. 2. Those measures shall not be more burdensome than necessary to achieve their
2. aim.

str. 833. Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to require a Party to disclose information relating to the affairs and accounts of individual consumers or any confidential or proprietary information in the possession of public entities.

Article 111

Effective and transparent regulation

str. 831. Each Party shall make its best endeavours to provide in advance to all interested persons any measure of general application that the Party proposes to adopt in order to allow an opportunity for such persons to comment on the measure. Such measure shall be provided:
2. (a) by means of an official publication; or
3. (b) in other written or electronic form. 2. Each Party shall make available to interested persons its requirements for completing applications relating to the supply of financial services. On the request of an applicant, the concerned Party shall inform the applicant of the status of its application. If the concerned Party requires additional information from the applicant, it shall notify the applicant without undue delay. 3. Each Party shall make its best endeavours to ensure that internationally agreed standards for regulation and supervision in the financial services sector and for the fight against tax evasion and avoidance are implemented and applied in its territory. Such internationally agreed standards are, inter alia, the Basel Committee's 'Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision', the International Association of Insurance Supervisors' 'Insurance Core Principles', the International Organisation of Securities Commissions' 'Objectives and Principles of Securities Regulation', the 'Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters' of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the G20 'Statement on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes' and the Financial Action Task Force's 'Forty Recommendations' on money laundering and 'Nine Special Recommendations' on terrorist financing.

str. 84The Parties also take note of the 'Ten Key Principles for Information Exchange' promulgated by the G7 Finance Ministers, and will take all steps necessary to try to apply them in their bilateral contacts.

ARTICLE 112

New financial services

str. 84Each Party shall permit a financial service supplier of the other Party to provide any new financial service of a type similar to those services that the Party would permit its own financial service suppliers to provide under its domestic law in like circumstances. A Party may determine the juridical form through which the service may be provided and may require authorisation for the provision of the service. Where such authorisation is required, a decision shall be made within a reasonable time and the authorisation may only be refused for prudential reasons.

ARTICLE 113

Data processing

str. 841. Each Party shall permit a financial service supplier of the other Party to transfer information in electronic or other form, into and out of its territory, for data processing where such processing is required in the ordinary course of business of such financial service supplier. 2. Each Party shall adopt adequate safeguards for the protection of privacy and fundamental rights, and freedom of individuals, in particular with regard to the transfer of personal data.

ARTICLE 114

Specific exceptions

str. 841. Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to prevent a Party, including its public entities, from exclusively conducting or providing in its territory activities or services forming part of a public retirement plan or statutory system of social security, except when those activities may be carried out, as provided by the Party's domestic regulation, by financial service suppliers in competition with public entities or private institutions. 2. Nothing in this Agreement applies to activities conducted by a central bank or monetary authority or by any other public entity in pursuit of monetary or exchange rate policies. 3. Nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to prevent a Party, including its public entities, from exclusively conducting or providing in its territory activities or services for the account or with the guarantee or using the financial resources of the Party, or its public entities.

Self-regulatory organisations

str. 85When a Party requires membership or participation in, or access to, any selfregulatory body, securities or futures exchange or market, clearing agency, or any other organization or association, in order for financial service suppliers of the other Party to supply financial services on an equal basis with financial service suppliers of the Party, or when the Party provides directly or indirectly such entities, privileges or advantages in supplying financial services, the Party shall ensure observance of the obligations of Articles 76 and 82 of this Agreement.

ARTICLE 116

Clearing and payment systems

str. 85Under the terms and conditions that accord national treatment, each Party shall grant to financial service suppliers of the other Party established in its territory access to payment and clearing systems operated by public entities, and to official funding and refinancing facilities available in the normal course of ordinary business. This Article is not intended to confer access to the Party's lender of last resort facilities.

ARTICLE 117

International Standards

str. 85With a view to considering further liberalisation of trade in services, the Parties recognise the importance of the gradual alignment of the existing and future legislation of Georgia to the international best practices standards listed under Article 111(3) of this Agreement.

Transport services

ARTICLE 118

Scope

str. 85This Sub-Section sets out the principles regarding the liberalisation of international transport services pursuant to Section 2 (Establishment), Section 3 (Cross-border supply of services) and Section 4 (Temporary presence of natural persons for business purposes) of this Chapter.

ARTICLE 119

International maritime transport

str. 851. For the purpose of this Sub-Section and Section 2 (Establishment), Section 3 (Cross-border supply of services) and Section 4 (Temporary presence of natural persons for business purposes) of this Chapter:

(a) 'international maritime transport' includes door-to-door and multi-modal transport operations, which is the carriage of goods using more than one mode of transport, involving a sea-leg, under a single transport document, and to this effect the right to directly contract with providers of other modes of transport;

(b) 'maritime cargo handling services' means activities exercised by stevedore companies, including terminal operators, but not including direct activities of dockers, when this workforce is organised independently of the stevedoring or terminal operator companies.

str. 88an establishment in its territory under conditions of establishment and operation no less favourable than those accorded to its own service suppliers or those of any third country, whichever are the better. 5. Each Party shall make available to maritime transport service suppliers of the other Party on reasonable and non- discriminatory terms and conditions the following services at the port: pilotage, towing and tug assistance, provisioning, fuelling and watering, garbage collecting and ballast waste disposal, port captain's

87

services, navigation aids, shore-based operational services essential to ship operations, including communications, water and electrical supplies, emergency repair facilities, anchorage, berth and berthing services. 6. Each Party shall permit the movement of equipment such as empty containers, not being carried as cargo against payment, between ports of the United Kingdom or between ports of Georgia. 7. Each Party, subject to the authorisation of the competent authority shall permit international maritime transport service suppliers of the other Party to provide feeder services between their national ports.

ARTICLE 120

Air transport

str. 88The progressive liberalisation of air transport between the Parties adapted to their reciprocal commercial needs and the conditions of mutual market access shall be governed by an agreement or arrangement governing air services between Georgia and the United Kingdom.

General provisions

ARTICLE 121

Objective and principles

str. 881. The Parties, recognising that electronic commerce increases trade opportunities in many sectors, agree to promote the development of electronic commerce between them, in particular by cooperating on the issues raised by electronic commerce under the provisions of this Chapter. 2. The Parties agree that the development of electronic commerce must be compatible with the international standards of data protection in order to ensure the confidence of users of electronic commerce. 3. The Parties agree that electronic transmissions shall be considered as the provision of services, within the meaning of Section 3 (Cross-border supply of services) of this Chapter, which cannot be subject to customs duties.

Cooperation in electronic commerce

str. 891. The Parties shall maintain a dialogue on regulatory issues raised by electronic commerce, which will inter alia address the following issues:
2. (a) the recognition of certificates of electronic signatures issued to the public and the facilitation of cross-border certification services;
3. (b) the liability of intermediary service providers with respect to the transmission, or storage of information;
4. (c) the treatment of unsolicited electronic commercial communications;
5. (d) the protection of consumers in the ambit of electronic commerce, and
6. (e) any other issue relevant for the development of electronic commerce. 2. Such cooperation can take the form of exchange of information on the Parties' respective legislation on those issues as well as on the implementation of such legislation.

Liability of intermediary service providers

ARTICLE 123

Use of intermediaries' services

ARTICLE 124

Liability of intermediary service providers: 'mere conduit'

str. 90Where an information society service is provided that consists of the

transmission in a communication network of information provided by a recipient of the service, or the provision of access to a communication network, each Party shall ensure that the service provider is not liable for the information transmitted, on condition that the provider:

- (a) does not initiate the transmission;
- (b) does not select the receiver of the transmission; and
- (c) does not select or modify the information contained in the transmission. 2. The acts of transmission and of provision of access referred to in paragraph 1 include the automatic, intermediate and transient storage of the information transmitted in so far as this takes place for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission in the communication network, and provided that the information is not stored for any period longer than is reasonably necessary for the transmission. 3. This Article shall not affect the possibility for a court or administrative authority, in accordance with Parties' legal systems, of requiring the service provider to terminate or prevent an infringement.

ARTICLE 125

Liability of intermediary service providers: 'caching'

str. 901. Where an information society service is provided that consists of the transmission in a communication network of information provided by a recipient of the service, each Party shall ensure that the service provider is not liable for the automatic, intermediate and temporary storage of that information, performed for the sole purpose of making more efficient the information's onward transmission to other recipients of the service upon their request, on condition that:
2. (a) the provider does not modify the information;
3. (b) the provider complies with conditions on access to the information;
4. (c) the provider complies with rules regarding the updating of the information, specified in a manner widely recognised and used by industry;
5. (d) the provider does not interfere with the lawful use of technology, widely recognised and used by industry, to obtain data on the use of the information, and

(e) the provider acts expeditiously to remove or to disable access to the information it has stored upon obtaining actual knowledge 1 of the fact that the

1 For the purposes of this Sub-Section, the term 'actual knowledge' shall be interpreted in accordance with each Party's domestic law. information at the initial source of the transmission has been removed from the network, or access to it has been disabled, or that a court or an administrative authority has ordered such removal or disablement.

str. 912. This Article shall not affect the possibility for a court or administrative authority, in accordance with the Parties' legal systems, of requiring the service provider to terminate or prevent an infringement.

ARTICLE 126

Liability of intermediary service providers: 'hosting'

str. 911. Where an information society service is provided that consists of the storage of information provided by a recipient of the service, each Party shall ensure that the service provider is not liable for the information stored at the request of a recipient of the service, on condition that:

(a) the provider does not have actual knowledge of illegal activity or information and, as regards claims for damages, is not aware of facts or circumstances from which the illegal activity or information is apparent, or

(b) the provider, upon obtaining such knowledge or awareness, acts expeditiously to remove or to disable access to the information. 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply when the recipient of the service is acting under the authority or the control of the provider. 3. This Article shall not affect the possibility for a court or administrative authority, in accordance with the Parties' legal systems, of requiring the service provider to terminate or prevent an infringement, nor does it affect the possibility for a Party of establishing procedures governing the removal or disabling of access to information.

ARTICLE 127

No general obligation to monitor

str. 911. The Parties shall not impose a general obligation on providers, when providing the services covered by Articles 124, 125 and 126 of this Agreement, to monitor the information which they transmit or store, nor shall they impose a general obligation to actively seek facts or circumstances indicating illegal activity. 2.

str. 92A Party may establish obligations for information society service providers promptly to inform the competent public authorities of alleged illegal activities

91

undertaken or information provided by recipients of their service or obligations to communicate to the competent authorities, at their request, information enabling the identification of recipients of their service with whom they have storage agreements.

Section 7

ARTICLE 128

General exceptions

str. 921. Without prejudice to general exceptions set in Article 357 of this Agreement, the provisions of this Chapter and of Annexes XI-A and XI-E, XI-B and XI-F, XI-C and XI-G, XI-D and XI-H to this Agreement are subject to the exceptions contained in this Article. 2. Subject to the requirement that such measures are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where like conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on establishment or cross-border supply of services, nothing in this Chapter shall be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement by any Party of measures:
3. (a) necessary to protect public security or public morals or to maintain public order;
4. (b) necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health;
5. (c) relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources if such measures are applied in conjunction with restrictions on domestic entrepreneurs or on the domestic supply or consumption of services;
6. (d) necessary for the protection of national treasures of artistic, historic or archaeological value;
7. (e) necessary to secure compliance with laws or regulations which are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Chapter, including those relating to:
8. (i) the prevention of deceptive and fraudulent practices or to deal with the effects of a default on contracts;
9. (ii) the protection of the privacy of individuals in relation to the processing and dissemination of personal data and the protection of confidentiality of individual records and accounts;
10.

str. 93(iii) safety; (f) inconsistent with Articles 76 and 82 of this Agreement, provided that the difference in treatment is aimed at ensuring the effective or equitable imposition or collection of direct taxes in respect of economic activities, entrepreneurs or services suppliers of the other Party 1 . 3. The provisions of this Chapter and of Annexes XI-A and XI-E, XI-B and XIF, XI-C and XI-G, XI-D and XI-H to this Agreement shall not apply to the Parties' respective social security systems or to activities in the territory of each Party, which are connected, even occasionally, with the exercise of official authority.

ARTICLE 129

Recognition and Taxation measures

str. 93The most-favoured-nation treatment granted in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter shall not apply to:

a) treatment granted under measures providing for recognition of qualifications, licences, or prudential measures in accordance with Article VII of GATS or its Annex on Financial Services;

b) the tax treatment granted under any international agreement or arrangement relating wholly or mainly to taxation.

str. 941 Measures that are aimed at ensuring the equitable or effective imposition or collection of direct taxes include measures taken by a Party under its taxation system which:

(a) apply to non-resident entrepreneurs and services suppliers in recognition of the fact that the tax obligation of non-residents is determined with respect to taxable items sourced or located in the Party's territory;

(b) apply to non-residents in order to ensure the imposition or collection of taxes in the Party's territory;

(c) apply to non-residents or residents in order to prevent the avoidance or evasion of taxes, including compliance measures;

(d) apply to consumers of services supplied in or from the territory of another Party in order to ensure the imposition or collection of taxes on such consumers derived from sources in the Party's territory;

(e) distinguish entrepreneurs and service suppliers subject to tax on worldwide taxable items from other entrepreneurs and service suppliers, in recognition of the difference in the nature of the tax base between them; or

(f) determine, allocate or apportion income, profit, gain, loss, deduction or credit of resident persons or branches, or between related persons or branches of the same person, in order to safeguard the Party's tax base. Tax terms or concepts in point (f) of this provision and in this footnote are determined in accordance with tax definitions and concepts, or equivalent or similar definitions and concepts, under the domestic law of the Party taking the measure.

ARTICLE 130

Security exceptions

str. 941. Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed:
2. (a) to require any Party to furnish any information, the disclosure of which it considers contrary to its essential security interests;
3. (b) to prevent any Party from taking any action which it considers necessary for the protection of its essential security interests:
4. (i) connected with the production of or trade in arms, munitions or war matèriel;
5. (ii) relating to economic activities carried out directly or indirectly for the purpose of provisioning a military establishment;
6. (iii) relating to fissionable and fusionable materials or the materials from which they are derived; or
7. (iv) taken in time of war or other emergency in international relations; or
8. (c) to prevent any Party from taking any action in pursuance of obligations it has accepted for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security.

CHAPTER 7

Current payments and movement of capital

ARTICLE 131

Current payments

str. 94The Parties undertake to impose no restrictions and shall allow, in freely convertible currency, in accordance with the provisions of Article VIII of the Agreement of the International Monetary Fund, any payments and transfers on the current account of balance of payments between the Parties.

ARTICLE 132

Capital movements

str. 941. With regard to transactions on the capital and financial account of balance of payments, from the entry into force of this Agreement, the Parties shall ensure the free movement of capital relating to direct investments, including the acquisition of real estate, made in accordance with the laws of the host country, investments made in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 6 (Establishment, Trade in Services and

str. 95Electronic Commerce) of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement and the liquidation or repatriation of invested capital and of any profit stemming therefrom. 2. With regard to transactions on the capital and financial account of balance of payments other than the transactions listed in paragraph 1 of this Article, from the entry into force of this Agreement, each Party shall ensure without prejudice to other provisions of this Agreement:

(a) the free movement of capital relating to credits for commercial transactions or for the provision of services in which a resident of one of the Parties is participating;

(b) the free movement of capital relating to portfolio investments, financial loans and credits by the investors of the other Party.

ARTICLE 133

Safeguard measures

str. 95Where, in exceptional circumstances, payments or movements of capital cause, or threaten to cause, serious difficulties for the operation of exchange rate policy or monetary policy, including serious balance of payments difficulties, in the United Kingdom or in Georgia, the Parties concerned may take safeguard measures for a period not exceeding six months if such measures are strictly necessary. The Party adopting the safeguard measure shall inform the other Party forthwith of the adoption of any safeguard measure and, as soon as possible, of a time schedule for its removal.

ARTICLE 134

Facilitation and evolution provisions

str. 951. The Parties shall consult with a view to facilitating the movement of capital between the Parties in order to promote the objectives of this Agreement.

CHAPTER 8 Public procurement

ARTICLE 135

Objectives

str. 951. The Parties recognise the contribution of transparent, non-discriminatory, competitive and open tendering to sustainable economic development and set as their objective the effective, reciprocal and gradual opening of their respective procurement markets. 2.

str. 96This Chapter envisages mutual access to public procurement markets on the basis of the principle of national treatment at national, regional and local level for public contracts and concessions in the traditional sector as well as in the utilities sector.

ARTICLE 136

Scope

str. 961. This Chapter applies to works, supplies and services public contracts, as well as works, supplies and services contracts in the utilities sectors and, if and where such contracts are used, to works and services concessions. 2. This Chapter applies to any contracting authority and any contracting entity which meets the definitions of the United Kingdom and Georgian public procurement domestic law (hereinafter referred to as 'the contracting entities'). It covers also bodies governed by public law and public undertakings in the field of utilities such as state-owned enterprises carrying out the relevant activities and private undertakings operating on the basis of special and exclusive rights in the field of utilities 1
3. This Chapter applies to contracts above the value thresholds set out in Annex XII-A to this Agreement. 4. The calculation of the estimated value of a public contract shall be based on the total amount payable, net of taxes on value added. When applying these thresholds, Georgia shall calculate and convert contract values into its national currency, using the conversion rate of its national bank. 5. Value thresholds shall be revised regularly every two years, beginning in the year of entry into force of this Agreement, based on the average daily value of the euro, expressed in Special Drawing Rights, over the 24 months terminating on the last day of August preceding the revision with effect from January 1. The value of the thresholds thus revised shall, where necessary, be rounded down to nearest thousand euro. The revision of the thresholds shall be adopted by the decision of the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement. 1 The expression 'private undertakings operating on the basis of special and exclusive rights' shall be interpreted in accordance with the Utilities Contracts Regulations 2016 and the Utilities Contracts (Scotland) Regulations 2016

Institutional background

str. 971. Each Party shall establish or maintain an appropriate institutional framework and mechanisms necessary for the proper functioning of the public procurement system and the implementation of the principles in this Chapter. 2. Each Party shall designate in particular:
3. (a) an executive body at central government level tasked with guaranteeing a coherent policy and its implementation in all areas related to public procurement. That body shall facilitate and coordinate the implementation of this Chapter;

(b) an impartial and independent body tasked with the review of decisions taken by contracting authorities or entities during the award of contracts. In this context, 'independent' means that that body shall be a public authority which is separate from all contracting entities and economic operators. There shall be a possibility to subject the decisions taken by this body to judicial review or, where that body is a judicial body, appeal to a higher judicial body. 3. Each Party shall ensure that decisions taken by the authorities responsible for the review of complaints by economic operators concerning infringements of domestic law shall be effectively enforced.

ARTICLE 138

Basic standards regulating the award of contracts

str. 971. The Parties shall comply with a set of basic standards for the award of all contracts as stipulated in paragraphs 2 to 15 of this Article. These basic standards derive directly from the rules and principles of public procurement including the principles of non-discrimination, equal treatment, transparency and proportionality.

Publication

str. 972. Each Party shall ensure that all intended procurements are published in an appropriate media 1 in a manner that is sufficient:
2. (a) to enable the market to be opened up to competition; and
3. (b) to allow any interested economic operator to have appropriate access to information regarding the intended procurement prior to the award of the contract

1 The means of publication shall be directly accessible by electronic means free of charge through a single point of access on the internet. 97

- and to express its interest in obtaining the contract. 3. The publication shall be appropriate to the economic interest of the contract to economic operators. 4. The publication shall contain at least the essential details of the contract to be awarded, the criteria for qualitative selection, the award method, the contract award criteria and any other additional information that the economic operators reasonably need to decide whether to express their interest in obtaining the contract.

Award of contracts

str. 985. All contracts shall be awarded through transparent and impartial award procedures that prevent corruptive practices. This impartiality shall be ensured in particular through the non-discriminatory description of the subject matter of the contract, equal access for all economic operators, appropriate time-limits and a transparent and objective approach. 6. When describing the characteristics of the required work, supply or service, the contracting entities shall use general descriptions of performance and functions and international or national standards. 7. The description of the characteristics required of a work, supply or service shall not refer to a specific make or source, or a particular process, or to trademarks, patents, types or a specific origin or production unless such a reference is justified by the subject matter of the contract and accompanied by the words 'or equivalent'. Preference shall be given to the use of general descriptions of performance or functions. 8. Contracting entities shall not impose conditions resulting in direct or indirect discrimination against the economic operators of the other Party, such as the requirement that economic operators interested in the contract must be established in the same country, region or territory as the contracting entity. Notwithstanding the above, in cases where it is justified by the specific circumstances of the contract, the successful applicant may be required to establish certain business infrastructure at the place of performance. 9. The time-limits for expression of interest and for submission of offers shall be sufficiently long to allow economic operators from the other Party to make a meaningful assessment of the tender and prepare their offer. 10. All participants must be able to know the applicable rules, selection criteria and award criteria in advance. Those rules must apply equally to all participants. 11. Contracting entities may invite a limited number of applicants to submit an offer, provided that:

str. 99- a) this is done in a transparent and non-discriminatory manner; and
- b) the selection is based only on objective factors such as the experience of the applicants in the sector concerned, the size and infrastructure of their businesses or their technical and professional abilities. In inviting a limited number of applicants to submit an offer, account shall be taken of the need to ensure adequate competition. 12. Contracting entities may use negotiated procedures only in exceptional and defined cases when the use of such a procedure effectively does not distort competition. 13. Contracting entities may use qualification systems only under the condition that the list of qualified operators is compiled by means of a sufficiently advertised, transparent and open procedure. Contracts falling within the scope of such a system shall be awarded also on a non-discriminatory basis. 14. Each Party shall ensure that contracts are awarded in a transparent manner to the applicant who has submitted the economically most advantageous offer or the offer with the lowest price, based on the tender criteria and the procedural rules established and communicated in advance. The final decisions shall be communicated to all applicants without undue delay. Upon request of an unsuccessful applicant, reasons must be provided in sufficient detail to allow the review of such a decision.

Judicial protection

str. 9915. Each Party shall ensure that any person having or having had an interest in obtaining a particular contract and who has been, or risks, being harmed by an alleged infringement is entitled to effective, impartial judicial protection against any decision of the contracting entity related to the award of that contract. The decisions taken in the course and at the end of such review procedure shall be made public in a manner that is sufficient to inform all interested economic operators.

ARTICLE 139

Market access

str. 100The Parties agree that the effective and reciprocal opening of their respective markets shall be attained gradually and simultaneously. 2. In so far as a Party has, in accordance with Annex XII-B to this Agreement, opened its procurement market to the other Party:
3. (a) the United Kingdom shall grant access to contract award procedures to Georgian companies, whether established or not in the United Kingdom, pursuant to

- national public procurement rules under treatment no less favourable than that accorded to United Kingdom companies;
- (b) Georgia shall grant access to contract award procedures for United Kingdom companies, whether established or not in Georgia, pursuant to national public procurement rules under treatment no less favourable than that accorded to Georgian companies. 3. The Parties will examine the possibility to mutually grant market access with regard to procurement below the value thresholds set out in Annex XII-A to this Agreement.

ARTICLE 140

Information

str. 1001. Each Party shall ensure that contracting entities and economic operators are appropriately informed about public procurement procedures, including through the publication of all relevant legislation and administrative rulings. 2. Each Party shall ensure the effective dissemination of information on tendering opportunities.

ARTICLE 141

Cooperation

str. 1001. The Parties shall enhance their cooperation through exchanges of experience and information relating to their best practices and regulatory frameworks. 2. The United Kingdom shall facilitate the implementation of this Chapter, including through technical assistance where appropriate. In line with the provisions on financial cooperation in Title VII (Financial Assistance, and Anti-fraud and Control Provisions) of this Agreement, specific decisions on financial assistance shall be taken through the relevant United Kingdom funding mechanisms and instruments. 3. An indicative list of issues for cooperation is included in Annex XII-C to this Agreement.

Intellectual property rights

Section 1 General Provisions

ARTICLE 142

Objectives

str. 101The objectives of this Chapter are to:

- (a) facilitate the production and commercialisation of innovative and creative products between the Parties; and
- (b) achieve an adequate and effective level of protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights.

ARTICLE 143

Nature and scope of obligations

str. 1011. The Parties shall ensure the adequate and effective implementation of the international treaties dealing with intellectual property to which they are parties including the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement). The provisions of this Chapter shall complement and further specify the rights and obligations between the Parties under the TRIPS Agreement and other international treaties in the field of intellectual property. 2. For the purposes of this Agreement, the expression 'intellectual property' refers at least to all categories of intellectual property that are covered by Articles 145 to 181 of this Agreement. 3. Protection of intellectual property includes protection against unfair competition as referred to in Article 10bis of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property of 1967 (Paris Convention).

ARTICLE 144

Exhaustion

str. 102The Parties shall be free to establish their own regime for exhaustion of intellectual property rights, subject to the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement.

Copyright and related rights

ARTICLE 145

Protection granted

str. 102The Parties reaffirm their commitment to:

- (a) the rights and obligations set out in the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Berne Convention);
- (b) the International Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations of 1961;
- (c) the TRIPS Agreement;
- (d) the WIPO Copyright Treaty;
- (e) the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.

ARTICLE 146

Authors

str. 102Each Party shall provide for authors the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit:

- (a) the direct or indirect, temporary or permanent reproduction by any means and in any form, in whole or in part of their works;
- (b) any form of distribution to the public by sale or otherwise of the original of their works or of copies thereof;

(c) any communication to the public of their works, by wire or wireless means, including the making available to the public of their works in such a way that members of the public may access them from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

Performers

str. 103Each Party shall provide for performers the exclusive right to:

- (a) authorise or prohibit the fixation 1 of their performances;

(b) authorise or prohibit the direct or indirect, temporary or permanent reproduction by any means and in any form, in whole or in part, of fixations of their performances;

(c) make available to the public, by sale or otherwise, fixations of their performances;

(d) authorise or prohibit the making available to the public, by wire or wireless means, in such a way that members of the public may access them from a place and at a time individually chosen by them, of fixations of their perform­ ances;

(e) authorise or prohibit the broadcasting by wireless means and the communication to the public of their performances, except where the performance is itself already a broadcast performance or is made from a fixation.

ARTICLE 148

Producers of phonograms

ARTICLE 149

Broadcasting organisations

str. 104Each Party shall provide for broadcasting organisations the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit:

- (a) the fixation of their broadcasts;
- (b) the reproduction of fixations of their broadcasts;
- (c) the making available to the public, by wire or wireless means, of fixations of their broadcasts; and

(d) the rebroadcasting of their broadcasts by wireless means, as well as the communication to the public of their broadcasts if such communication is made in places accessible to the public against payment of an entrance fee.

ARTICLE 150

Broadcasting and communication to the public

str. 1041. Each Party shall provide a right in order to ensure that a single equitable remuneration is paid by the user, if a phonogram published for commercial purposes, or a reproduction of such phonogram, is used for broadcasting by wireless means or for any communication to the public, and to ensure that this remuneration is shared between the relevant performers and phonogram producers. 2. Each Party may, in the absence of agreement between the performers and phonogram producers, lay down the conditions as to the sharing of this remuneration between them.

ARTICLE 151

Term of protection

ARTICLE 152

Protection of technological measures

str. 1051. Each Party shall provide adequate legal protection against the circumvention of any effective technological measures, which the person concerned carries out in the knowledge, or with reasonable grounds to know, that he or she is pursuing that objective. 2.

ARTICLE 153

Protection of rights management information

str. 107author or any other right holder, or information about the terms and conditions of use of the work or other subject matter, and any numbers or codes that represent such information. Paragraph 1 shall apply when any of these items of information is associated with a copy of, or appears in connection with the communication to the public of, a work or other subject matter that is the object of protection under this Chapter.

ARTICLE 154

Exceptions and limitations

str. 1071. In accordance with the conventions and international treaties to which they are Parties, each Party may provide for limitations or exceptions to the rights set out in Articles 146 to 151 of this Agreement only in certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the protected subject matter and which do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the right holders. 2. Each Party shall provide that temporary acts of reproduction referred to in Articles 147 to 150 of this Agreement, which are transient or incidental, which are an integral and essential part of a technological process and the sole purpose of which is to enable:
3. (a) a transmission in a network between third parties by an intermediary, or
4. (b) a lawful use of a work or other protected subject matter to be made, and which have no independent economic significance, shall be exempted from the reproduction right provided for in Articles 147 to 150 of this Agreement.

ARTICLE 155

Artists' resale right in works of art

str. 1071. Each Party shall provide, for the benefit of the author of an original work of art, a resale right, to be defined as an inalienable right, which cannot be waived, even in advance, to receive a royalty based on the sale price obtained for any resale of the work, subsequent to the first transfer of the work by the author. 2.

str. 108The right referred to in paragraph 1 shall apply to all acts of resale involving as sellers, buyers or intermediaries art market professionals, such as salesrooms, art galleries and, in general, any dealers in works of art. 3. Each Party may provide that the right referred to in paragraph 1 shall not apply to acts of resale where the seller has acquired the work directly from the author less than three years before that resale and where the resale price does not exceed a certain minimum amount. 4. The royalty shall be payable by the seller. Each Party may provide that one of the natural or legal persons referred to in paragraph 2 other than the seller shall alone be liable or shall share liability with the seller for payment of the royalty. 5. The protection provided may be claimed to the extent permitted by the Party where this protection is claimed. The procedure for collection and the amounts shall be matters for determination by domestic law.

ARTICLE 156

Cooperation on collective management of rights

str. 108The Parties shall endeavour to promote dialogue and cooperation between their respective collective management societies for the purpose of promoting the availability of works and other protected subject matter and the transfer of royalties for the use of such works or other protected subject matter. Sub - section 2

Trademarks

ARTICLE 157

International agreements

str. 108The Parties reaffirm their commitment to:

- (a) the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, and
- (b) the Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks.

ARTICLE 158

Registration procedure

str. 1081. Each Party shall provide for a system for the registration of trademarks in which each final negative decision taken by the relevant trademark administration shall be communicated to the applicant in writing and shall be duly reasoned.

str. 1092. Each Party shall provide for the possibility to oppose applications to register trademarks. Such opposition proceedings shall be adversarial. 3. The Parties shall provide a publicly available electronic database of applications and registrations of trademarks.

ARTICLE 159

Well-known trademarks

str. 109Each Party shall give effect to Article 6bis of the Paris Convention and Article 16(2) and (3) of the TRIPS Agreement concerning the protection of well-known trademarks, and may take into consideration the Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Well-Known Marks adopted by the Assembly of the Paris Union for the Protection of Industrial Property and the General Assembly of the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) at the Thirty-Fourth Series of Meetings of the Assemblies of the Member States of WIPO (September 1999).

ARTICLE 160

Exceptions to the rights conferred by a trademark

str. 109Each Party shall provide for limited exceptions to the rights conferred by a trademark, such as the fair use of descriptive terms, the protection of geographical indications as provided for in Article 168, or other limited exceptions that take account of the legitimate interests of the owner of the trademark and of third parties. Sub - section 3

Geographical indications

ARTICLE 161

Scope

str. 1091. This Sub-Section applies to the recognition and protection of geographical indications which are originating in the territories of the Parties. 2. In order for a geographical indication of a Party to be protected by the other Party, it shall cover products within the scope of the legislation of that Party referred to in Article 162 of this Agreement.

ARTICLE 162

Established geographical indications

str. 1091. Having examined the Law of Georgia on appellations of origin and Geographical Indications of Goods, adopted on 22 August 1999, the United Kingdom concludes that that law meets the elements laid down in Annex XIII-A to this Agreement. 2.

str. 110Having examined Council Regulation (EEC) No 1601/91 of 10 June 1991 laying down general rules on the definition, description and presentation of aromatised wines, aromatized wine-based drinks and aromatized wine- product cocktails, Council Regulation (EC) No 510/2006 of 20 March 2006 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs, with its implementing rules, for the registration, control and protection of geographical indications of agricultural products and foodstuffs in the European Union, Section I of Chapter I of Title II of Part II of Council Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 of 22 October 2007 establishing a common organisation of agricultural markets and on specific provisions for certain agricultural products (Single CMO Regulation) and Regulation (EC) No 110/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 on the definition, description, presentation, labelling and the protection of geographical indications of spirit drinks, Georgia concludes that those laws, rules and procedures meet the elements laid down in Annex XIII-A to this Agreement. 3. Georgia shall protect the geographical indications of the United Kingdom listed in Annex XIII-C to this Agreement and the geographical indications for wines, aromatised wines and spirit drinks listed in Annex XIII-D to this Agreement, which have been registered by the United Kingdom under the legislation referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article, according to the level of protection laid down in this SubSection. 4. The United Kingdom shall protect the geographical indications of Georgia listed in Annex XIII-C to this Agreement and the geographical indications for wines, aromatised wines and spirit drinks listed in Annex XIII-D to this Agreement, which are registered by Georgia under the legislation referred to in paragraph 1, according to the level of protection laid down in this Sub-Section.

ARTICLE 163

Addition of new geographical indications

str. 1101. The Parties agree on the possibility to add new geographical indications to be protected in Annexes XIII-C and XIII-D to this Agreement in accordance with the procedure set out in Article 171(3) of this Agreement after having completed the objection procedure as referred to in Annex XIII-B of this Agreement and after having examined a summary of the product specifications to the satisfaction of both Parties. 2. A Party shall not be required to protect as a geographical indication a name that conflicts with the name of a plant variety or an animal breed and as a result is likely to mislead the consumer as to the true origin of the product.

ARTICLE 164

Scope of protection of geographical indications

str. 1111. The geographical indications listed in Annexes XIII-C and XIII-D to this Agreement, as well as those added pursuant to Article 163 of this Agreement, shall be protected against:
2. (a) any direct or indirect commercial use of a protected name:
3. (i) for comparable products not compliant with the product specification of the protected name, or
4. (ii) in so far as such use exploits the reputation of a geographical indication;
5. (b) any misuse, imitation or evocation 1 , even if the true origin of the product is indicated or if the protected name is translated or accompanied by an expression such as 'style', 'type', 'method', 'as produced in', 'imitation', 'flavour', 'like' or similar;
6. (c) any other false or misleading indication as to the provenance, origin, nature or essential qualities of the product, on the inner or outer packaging, advertising material or documents relating to the product concerned, and the packing of the product in a container liable to convey a false impression as to its origin;
7. (d) any other practice liable to mislead the consumer as to the true origin of the product. 2. If geographical indications are wholly or partially homonymous, protection shall be granted to each indication provided that it has been used in good faith and with due regard for local and traditional usage and the actual risk of confusion.

str. 112Without prejudice to Article 23 of the TRIPS Agreement, the Parties shall mutually decide the practical conditions of use under which the homonymous geographical indications will be differentiated from each other, taking into account the need to ensure equitable treatment of the producers concerned and that consumers are not

1 The term 'evocation' means, in particular, the use in any way for products falling under heading 20.09 of the HS, although only in so far as they are referred to as wines falling under heading 22.04, aromatised wines falling under heading 22.05 and spirit drinks falling under heading 22.08 of that system. - misled. A homonymous name which misleads the consumer into believing that products come from another territory shall not be registered even if the name is accurate as far as the actual territory, region or place of origin of the product in question is concerned. 3. Where a Party, in the context of negotiations with a third country, proposes to protect a geographical indication of that third country, and the name is homonymous with a geographical indication of the other Party, the latter shall be informed and be given the opportunity to comment before the name becomes protected. 4. Nothing in this Sub-Section shall oblige a Party to protect a geographical indication of the other Party which is not or ceases to be protected in its country of origin. The Parties shall notify each other if a geographical indication ceases to be protected in its country of origin.

ARTICLE 165

Protection of transcription of geographical indications

str. 1121. Geographical indications protected under this Sub-Section in the characters of the Georgian alphabet shall be protected together with their transcription in Latin characters. This transcription may also be used for labelling purposes for the products concerned. 2. Similarly, geographical indications protected under this Sub-Section in a Latin alphabet shall be protected together with their transcription in the characters of the Georgian alphabet. This transcription may also be used for labelling purposes for the products concerned.

ARTICLE 166

Right of use of geographical indications

str. 1121. A name protected under this Sub-Section may be used by any operator marketing agricultural products, foodstuffs, wines, aromatised wines or spirit drinks conforming to the corresponding specification. 2. Once a geographical indication is protected under this Sub-Section, the use of such protected name shall not be subject to any registration of users or further charges.

Enforcement of protection

str. 113The Parties shall enforce the protection provided for in Articles 162 to 166 of this Agreement by appropriate administrative action by their public authorities. They shall also enforce such protection at the request of an interested party.

ARTICLE 168

Relationship with trademarks

str. 1131. The Parties shall refuse to register or shall invalidate, ex officio or at the request of any interested party in conformity with the legislation of each Party, a trademark that corresponds to any of the situations referred to in Article 164(1) of this Agreement in relation to a protected geographical indication for like products, provided an application to register the trademark is submitted after the date of application for protection of the geographical indication in the territory concerned. 2. For geographical indications referred to in Article 162 of this Agreement, the date of application for protection shall be 1 April 2012, except for those geographical indications which are listed in Annexes XIII-C and XIII-D and accompanied by an asterisk (*) for which the date of application for protection shall be the date of the transmission of a request to the other Party to protect such geographical indication pursuant to the EU-Georgia Association Agreement. 3. For geographical indications referred to in Article 163 of this Agreement, the date of application for protection shall be the date of the transmission of a request to the other Party to protect a geographical indication. 4. The Parties shall have no obligation to protect a geographical indication where, in the light of a reputed or well- known trademark, protection is liable to mislead consumers as to the true identity of the product. 5. Without prejudice to paragraph 4, the Parties shall protect geographical indications also where a prior trademark exists. A prior trademark shall mean a trademark the use of which corresponds to one of the situations referred to in Article 164(1) of this Agreement, which has been applied for, registered or established by use, if that possibility is provided for by the legislation concerned, in the territory of one of the Parties before the date on which the application for protection of the geographical indication is submitted by the other Party under this Sub-Section.

str. 114Such trademark may continue to be used and renewed notwithstanding the protection of the geographical indication, provided that no grounds for the trademark's invalidity or revocation exist in the legislation on trademarks of the Parties.

ARTICLE 169

General rules

str. 1141. This Sub-Section shall apply without prejudice to the rights and obligations of the Parties under the WTO Agreement. 2. The import, export and marketing of any product referred to in Articles 162 and 163 of this Agreement shall be conducted in compliance with the laws and regulations applying in the territory of the importing Party. 3. Any matter arising from technical specifications of registered names shall be dealt with in the Sub-Committee established in Article 171 of this Agreement. 4. Geographical indications protected under this Sub-Section may only be cancelled by the Party in which the product originates. 5. A product specification referred to in this Sub-Section shall be that approved, including any amendments also approved, by the authorities of the Party in the territory of which the product originates.

ARTICLE 170

Cooperation and transparency

str. 1141. The Parties shall, either directly or through the Geographical Indications SubCommittee established pursuant to Article 171 of this Agreement, maintain contact on all matters relating to the implementation and the functioning of this Sub-Section. In particular, a Party may request from the other Party information relating to product specifications and their modification, and contact points for control provisions. 2. Each Party may make publicly available the specifications or a summary thereof and contact points for control provisions corresponding to geographical indications of the other Party protected pursuant to this Article.

ARTICLE 171

Geographical Indications Sub-Committee

str. 1141. The Geographical Indications Sub-Committee is hereby established. It shall consist of representatives of the United Kingdom and of Georgia with the purpose of monitoring the development of this Sub-Section and of intensifying their cooperation and dialogue on geographical indications. It shall report to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement. 2. The Geographical Indications Sub-Committee adopts its decisions by consensus. It shall determine its own rules of procedure. It shall meet at the request of either of the Parties, alternatively in the United Kingdom and in Georgia, at a time and a place and in a manner (which may include by videoconference) mutually determined by the Parties, but no later than 90 days after the request.

str. 1153. The Geographical Indications Sub-Committee shall also see to the proper functioning of this Sub-Section and may consider any matter related to its implementation and operation. In particular, it shall be responsible for:
2. (a) amending Article 162(1) and (2) of this Agreement, as regards the references to the law applicable in the Parties;

(b) modifying Annexes XIII-C and XIII-D to this Agreement as regards geographical indications;

(c) exchanging information on legislative and policy developments on geographical indications and any other matter of mutual interest in the area of geographical indications;

(d) exchanging information on geographical indications for the purpose of considering their protection in accordance with this Sub-Section.

Sub - section 4 Designs

ARTICLE 172

International agreements

str. 115The Parties reaffirm their commitment to the Geneva Act to the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Industrial Designs of 1999.

ARTICLE 173

Protection of registered designs

str. 1151. Each Party shall provide for the protection of independently created designs that are new and are original 1 . This protection shall be provided by registration, which shall confer an exclusive right upon the holder of a registered design in accordance with the provisions of this Article. 2. A design applied to or incorporated in a product which constitutes a component

1 For the purposes of this Article, a Party may consider that a design having individual character is original. 115

- part of a complex product shall only be considered to be new and original:
- (a) if the component part, once it has been incorporated into the complex product, remains visible during normal use of the latter, and
- (b) to the extent that those visible features of the component part fulfil in themselves the requirements as to novelty and originality. 3. The expression 'normal use' in point (a) of paragraph 2 shall mean use by the end user, excluding maintenance, servicing or repair work. 4. The holder of a registered design shall have the right to prevent third parties not having the owner's consent from, at a minimum, making, offering for sale, selling, importing, exporting, stocking or using a product bearing or embodying the protected design when such acts are undertaken for commercial purposes, unduly prejudice the normal exploitation of the design, or are not compatible with fair trade practices. 5. The duration of protection available shall amount to 25 years, from the date of filing of the application for registration or from a date established in accordance with the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, without prejudice to the Paris Convention.

ARTICLE 174

Exceptions and exclusions

str. 1161. Each Party may provide limited exceptions to the protection of designs, provided that such exceptions do not unreasonably conflict with the normal exploitation of protected designs and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the owner of the protected design, taking account of the legitimate interests of third parties. 2. Design protection shall not extend to designs dictated essentially by technical or functional considerations. In particular a design right shall not subsist in features of appearance of a product which are required to be reproduced in their exact form and dimensions in order to permit the product in which the design is incorporated or to which it is applied to be mechanically connected to or placed in, around or against another product so that either product may perform its function.

ARTICLE 175

Relationship to copyright

str. 116A design shall also be eligible for protection under the law of copyright of a Party as from the date on which the design was created or fixed in any form. The extent to which, and the conditions under which, such a protection is conferred, including the level of originality required, shall be determined by each Party. Sub - section 5

Patents

ARTICLE 176

International agreements

str. 117The Parties reaffirm their commitment to the WIPO Patent Cooperation Treaty.

ARTICLE 177

Patents and public health

str. 1171. The Parties recognise the importance of the Declaration of the Ministerial Conference of the WTO on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health adopted on 14 November 2001. 2. The Parties shall respect the Decision of the WTO General Council of 30 August 2003 on paragraph 6 of the declaration referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article and shall contribute to its implementation.

ARTICLE 178

Supplementary protection certificate

str. 1171. The Parties recognise that medicinal and plant protection products protected by a patent on their respective territory may be subject to an administrative authorisation procedure before being put on their market. They recognise that the period that elapses between the filing of the application for a patent and the first authorisation to place the product on their respective market, as defined for that purpose by domestic law, may shorten the period of effective protection under the patent. 2. Each Party shall provide for a further period of protection for a medicinal or plant protection product which is protected by a patent and which has been subject to an administrative authorisation procedure, that period being equal to the period referred to in the second sentence of paragraph 1, reduced by a period of five years. 3. Notwithstanding paragraph 2, the duration of the further period of protection may not exceed five years. 4. In the case of medicinal products for which paediatric studies have been carried out, and provided that the results of those studies are reflected in the product information, the Parties shall provide for a further six months extension of the period of protection referred to in paragraph 2.

ARTICLE 179

Protection of data submitted to obtain a marketing authorisation for medicinal products 1

str. 118The Parties shall implement a comprehensive system to guarantee the confidentiality, non-disclosure and non- reliance of data submitted for the purpose of obtaining an authorisation to put a medicinal product on the market. 2. Each Party shall ensure, in its law, that any information submitted to obtain an authorisation to put a medicinal product on the market remains confidential and undisclosed to third parties and benefits from protection against unfair commercial use. 3. For that purpose, each Party shall not, for a period of at least six years from the date of the first authorisation in one of the Parties, permit other applicants to market the same or a similar product, on the basis of the marketing authorisation granted to the applicant which had provided the test data or studies, unless the applicant which had provided the test data or studies has given his consent. During such period, the test data or studies submitted for the first authorisation shall not be used for the benefit of any subsequent applicant aiming to obtain a marketing authorisation for a medicinal product, except when the consent of the first applicant is provided. 4. The six year period referred to in paragraph 3 shall be extended to a maximum of seven years if, during the first six years after obtaining the initial authorisation, the holder obtains an authorisation for one or more new therapeutic indications which are considered of significant clinical benefit in comparison with existing therapies. 1 This Article shall be without prejudice to Georgian Governmental Regulation No 188 of 22 October 2009 on the establishment of the list of countries and relevant authorities eligible for the simplified regime of registration of medicinal products in Georgia. The list established by the above Regulation refers to the following countries/authorities: EMA - European Medicines Agency; Australia; Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Canada; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Italy; Japan; Korea; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxemburg; Malta; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; United Kingdom; USA.

Protection of data to obtain a marketing authorisation for plant protection products

str. 1191. Each Party shall determine safety and efficacy requirements before authorising the placing on the market of plant protection products. 2. Each Party shall ensure that data submitted for the first time by an applicant to obtain a marketing authorisation for a plant protection product benefits from protection against unfair commercial use and is not used for the benefit of any other person aiming to obtain a marketing authorisation, unless the proof of the explicit consent of the first holder is provided. 3. The test or study report submitted for the first time to obtain a marketing authorisation shall fulfil the following conditions:
4. (a) that it is for the authorisation, or for an amendment of an authorisation in order to allow the use on other crops, and
5. (b) that it is certified as compliant with the principles of good laboratory practice or of good experimental practice. 4. The period of protection of data shall be at least ten years starting from the date of the first marketing authorisation in the Party concerned.

ARTICLE 181

Plant varieties

str. 119The Parties shall protect plant varieties rights, in accordance with the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants and shall cooperate to promote and enforce those rights.

Section 3

ARTICLE 182

General obligations

str. 120The Parties reaffirm their commitments under the TRIPS Agreement, and in particular Part III thereof, and shall provide for the complementary measures, procedures and remedies set out in this Section necessary to ensure the enforcement of intellectual property rights 1 . 2. Those complementary measures, procedures and remedies shall be fair and equitable, and shall not be unnecessarily complicated or costly, or entail unreasonable time-limits or unwarranted delays. 3. Those complementary measures and remedies shall also be effective, proportionate and dissuasive and shall be applied in such a manner as to avoid the creation of barriers to legitimate trade and to provide for safeguards against their abuse.

ARTICLE 183

Entitled applicants

str. 120Each Party shall recognise as persons entitled to seek application of the measures, procedures and remedies referred to in this Section and in Part III of the TRIPS Agreement:

- (a) the holders of intellectual property rights in accordance with the provisions of the applicable law,
- (b) all other persons authorised to use those rights, in particular licencees, in so far as permitted by and in accordance with the provisions of the applicable law;
- (c) intellectual property collective rights management bodies which are regularly recognised as having a right to represent holders of intellectual property rights, in so far as permitted by and in accordance with the provisions of the applicable law,

1 For the purposes of this Section the notion of 'intellectual property rights' includes at least the following rights: copyright; rights related to copyright; sui generis right of a database maker; rights of the creator of the topographies of a semi-conductor product; trademark rights; design rights; patent rights, including rights derived from supplementary protection certificates; geographical indications; utility model rights; plant variety rights; trade names in so far as these are protected as exclusive rights by domestic law.

Civil enforcement

ARTICLE 184

Measures for preserving evidence

str. 1211. Each Party shall ensure that, even before the commencement of proceedings on the merits of the case, the competent judicial authorities may, on application by a party who has presented reasonably available evidence to support his/her claims that his/her intellectual property right has been infringed or is about to be infringed, order prompt and effective provisional measures to preserve relevant evidence in respect of the alleged infringement, subject to the protection of confidential information. 2. Such measures may include the detailed description, with or without the taking of samples, or the physical seizure of the alleged infringing goods, and, in appropriate cases, the materials and implements used in the production and/or distribution of these goods and the documents relating thereto. Those measures shall be taken, if necessary without the other party being heard, in particular where any delay is likely to cause irreparable harm to the right holder or where there is a demonstrable risk of evidence being destroyed. 3. Where measures to preserve evidence are adopted without the other party having been heard, the parties affected shall be given notice without delay and at the latest after the execution of the measures.

ARTICLE 185

Right of information

str. 1211. Each Party shall ensure that, in the context of proceedings concerning an infringement of an intellectual property right and in response to a justified and proportionate request of the claimant, the competent judicial authorities may order that information on the origin and distribution networks of the goods or services which infringe an intellectual property right be provided by the infringer and/or any other person who:
2. (a) was found in possession of the infringing goods on a commercial scale;
3. (b) was found to be using the infringing services on a commercial scale;

(c) was found to be providing on a commercial scale services used in infringing activities; or

(d) was found to be producing, manufacturing or distributing infringing goods or to be providing services, through information provided by any person referred to in points (a), (b), or (c). 2. The information referred to in paragraph 1 shall, as appropriate, comprise:

(a) the names and addresses of the producers, manufacturers, distributors, suppliers and other previous holders of the goods or services, as well as the intended wholesalers and retailers, and

(b) information on the quantities produced, manufactured, delivered, received or ordered, as well as the price obtained for the goods or services in question. 3. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall apply without prejudice to other statutory provisions which:

(a) grant the right holder rights to receive fuller information;

(b) govern the use in civil or criminal proceedings of the information communicated pursuant to this Article;

(c) govern responsibility for misuse of the right of information;

- (d) afford an opportunity for refusing to provide information which would force the person referred to in paragraph 1 to admit to his/her own participation or that of his/her close relatives in an infringement of an intellectual property right; or

(e) govern the protection of confidentiality of information sources or the processing of personal data.

ARTICLE 186

Provisional measures

str. 1221. Each Party shall ensure that the judicial authorities may, at the request of the applicant, issue against the alleged infringer an interlocutory injunction intended to prevent any imminent infringement of an intellectual property right, or to forbid, on a provisional basis and subject, where appropriate, to a recurring penalty payment where provided for by domestic law, the continuation of the alleged infringements of that right, or to make such continuation subject to the lodging of guarantees intended to ensure the compensation of the right holder. An interlocutory injunction may also be issued, under the same conditions, against an intermediary whose services are being used by a third party to infringe an intellectual property right.

str. 1232. An interlocutory injunction may also be issued to order the seizure or delivery up of goods suspected of infringing an intellectual property right, so as to prevent their entry into or movement within the channels of commerce. 3. In the case of an alleged infringement committed on a commercial scale, the Parties shall ensure that, if the applicant demonstrates circumstances likely to endanger the recovery of damages, the judicial authorities may order the precautionary seizure of the movable and immovable property of the alleged infringer, including the blocking of his/her bank accounts and other assets. To that end, the competent authorities may order access, where appropriate, to banking, financial or commercial documents under the control of the alleged infringer.

ARTICLE 187

Measures resulting from a decision on the merits of the case

str. 1231. Each Party shall ensure that the competent judicial authorities may order, at the request of the applicant and without prejudice to any damages due to the right holder by reason of the infringement, and without compensation of any sort, at least the definitive removal from the channels of commerce, or the destruction, of goods that they have found to be infringing an intellectual property right. If appropriate, the competent judicial authorities may also order the destruction of materials and implements predominantly used in the creation or manufacture of those goods. 2. The Parties' judicial authorities shall have the power to order that those measures shall be carried out at the expense of the infringer, unless particular reasons are invoked for not doing so. 3. Each Party shall ensure that, where a judicial decision is taken finding an infringement of an intellectual property right, the judicial authorities may issue against the infringer as well as against any intermediary whose services are used by a third party to infringe an intellectual property right an injunction aimed at prohibiting the continuation of the infringement. 4. The Parties may provide that, in appropriate cases and at the request of the person liable to be subject to the measures provided for in this Article, the competent judicial authorities may order pecuniary compensation to be paid to the injured party instead of applying the measures provided for in this Article if that person acted unintentionally and without negligence, if execution of the measures in question would cause him/her disproportionate harm and if pecuniary compensation to the injured party appears reasonably satisfactory.

ARTICLE 188

Damages

str. 1241. Each Party shall ensure that the judicial authorities, on application of the injured party, order the infringer who knowingly, or with reasonable grounds to know, engaged in an infringing activity, to pay the right holder damages appropriate to the actual prejudice suffered by that right holder as a result of the infringement. When the judicial authorities set the damages:

(a) they shall take into account all appropriate aspects, such as the negative economic consequences, including lost profits, which the injured party has suffered, any unfair profits made by the infringer and, in appropriate cases, elements other than economic factors, such as moral prejudice, caused to the right holder by the infringement; or

(b) as an alternative to (a), they may, in appropriate cases, set the damages as a lump sum on the basis of elements such as at least the amount of royalties or fees which would have been due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question. 2. Where the infringer did not knowingly, or with reasonable grounds to know, engage in infringing activity, the Parties may lay down that the judicial authorities may order in favour of the injured party the recovery of profits or the payment of damages which may be pre-established.

ARTICLE 189

Legal costs

str. 124Each Party shall ensure that reasonable and proportionate legal costs and other expenses incurred by the successful party shall as a general rule be borne by the unsuccessful party, unless equity does not allow this and without prejudice to exceptions provided by domestic procedural rules.

ARTICLE 190

Publication of judicial decisions

str. 124Each Party shall ensure that, either in legal proceedings instituted for infringement of an industrial property right or in legal proceedings instituted for infringement of copyright, or in both cases, the judicial authorities may order at the request of the applicant and at the expense of the infringer, appropriate measures for the dissemination of the information concerning the decision, including displaying the decision and publishing it in full or in part.

Presumption of authorship or ownership

str. 125For the purposes of applying the measures, procedures and remedies provided for in this Sub-Section:

- (a) for the author of a literary or artistic work, in the absence of proof to the contrary, to be regarded as such, and consequently to be entitled to institute infringement proceedings, it shall be sufficient for his/her name to appear on the work in the usual manner;
- (b) the provision under point (a) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the holders of rights related to copyright with regard to their protected subject matter. Sub - section 2

Other provisions

ARTICLE 192

Border measures

str. 1251. This Article establishes the general principles of this Agreement governing the enforcement of intellectual property rights by customs authorities and the obligations of the customs authorities of the Parties to engage in cooperation. 2. When implementing border measures for the enforcement of intellectual property rights the Parties shall ensure consistency with their obligations under GATT 1994 and the TRIPS Agreement. 3. The provisions on border measures in this Article are of procedural nature. They set out the conditions and procedures for action by the customs authorities where goods suspected of infringing an intellectual property right are, or should have been, under customs control. They shall not affect in any way the substantive law of the Parties on intellectual property. 4. To facilitate the effective enforcement of intellectual property rights, the customs authorities shall adopt a range of approaches to identify shipments containing goods suspected of infringing intellectual property rights. These approaches include risk analysis techniques based, inter alia, on information provided by rights holders, intelligence gathered and cargo inspections. 5. The Parties agree to effectively implement Article 69 of the TRIPS Agreement in respect of international trade in goods suspected of infringing intellectual property rights.

str. 126For that purpose, the Parties shall establish and notify contact points in their customs administrations and shall be ready to exchange data and information on trade in such goods affecting both Parties. They shall, in particular, promote the

exchange of information and cooperation between customs authorities with regard to trade in counterfeit trademark goods and pirated copyright goods. Without prejudice to the provisions of Protocol II on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Customs Matters to this Agreement customs authorities shall, where appropriate, exchange such information swiftly and with due respect to data protection laws of the Parties. 6. The customs authorities of each Party shall cooperate, upon request or upon their own initiative, to provide relevant available information to the customs authorities of the other Party, in particular for goods in transit through the territory of a Party destined for (or originating in) the other Party. 7. The Sub-Committee referred to in Article 72 of this Agreement shall establish the necessary practical arrangements concerning the exchange of data and information referred to in this Article. 8. Protocol II on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Customs Matters to this Agreement shall be applicable in respect to breaches of intellectual property rights, without prejudice to forms of cooperation resulting from the application of paragraphs 5 to 7 of this Article. 9. The Sub-Committee referred to in Article 72 of this Agreement shall act as the responsible Sub-Committee to ensure the proper functioning and implementation of this Article.

ARTICLE 193

Codes of conduct

str. 126The Parties shall encourage:

- (a) the development by trade or professional associations or organisations of codes of conduct aimed at contributing towards the enforcement of intellectual property rights;
- (b) the submission to their respective competent authorities of draft codes of conduct and of any evaluations of the application of those codes of conduct

ARTICLE 194

Cooperation

str. 1261. The Parties agree to cooperate with a view to supporting the implementation of the commitments and obligations undertaken under this Chapter.

str. 1272. Areas of cooperation include, but are not limited to, the following activities:
2. (a) exchange of information on the legal framework concerning intellectual property rights and relevant rules of protection and enforcement; exchange of experiences on legislative progress in those areas;

(b) exchange of experiences and information on the enforcement of intellectual property rights;

- (c) exchange of experiences on central and sub-central enforcement by customs, police, administrative and judiciary bodies; coordination to prevent exports of counterfeit goods, including with other countries;

(d) capacity-building; exchange and training of personnel;

- (e) promotion and dissemination of information on intellectual property rights in, inter alia, business circles and civil society; public awareness of consumers and right holders;

(f) enhancement of institutional cooperation, for example between intellectual property offices;

(g) actively promoting awareness and education of the general public on policies concerning intellectual property rights: formulate effective strategies to identify key audiences and create communication programmes to increase consumer and media awareness on the impact of intellectual property violations, including the risk to health and safety and the connection to organised crime.

CHAPTER10 Competition

ARTICLE 195

Principles

str. 127The Parties recognise the importance of free and undistorted competition in their trade relations. The Parties acknowledge that anti-competitive business practices and state interventions (including subsidies) have the potential to distort the proper functioning of markets and undermine the benefits of trade liberalisation.

ARTICLE 196

Antitrust and mergers legislation and its implementation

str. 1271. Each Party shall maintain in its respective territory comprehensive competition laws, which effectively address anti- competitive agreements, concerted practices

and anti-competitive unilateral conduct of enterprises with dominant market power and which provide effective control of concentrations to avoid significant impediment to effective competition and abuse of dominant position. 2. Each Party shall maintain an authority responsible and appropriately equipped for the effective enforcement of the competition laws referred to in paragraph 1. 3.

str. 128The Parties recognise the importance of applying their respective competition laws in a transparent and non- discriminatory manner, respecting the principles of procedural fairness and rights of defence of the enterprises concerned.

ARTICLE 197

State monopolies, state enterprises and enterprises entrusted with special or exclusive rights

str. 1281. Nothing in this Chapter prevents a Party from designating or maintaining state monopolies, state enterprises or to entrust enterprises with special or exclusive rights in accordance with its respective laws. 2. With regard to state monopolies of a commercial character, state enterprises and enterprises entrusted with special or exclusive rights, each Party shall ensure that such enterprises are subject to the competition laws referred to in Article 196(1), in so far as the application of those laws does not obstruct the performance, in law or in fact, of the particular tasks of public interest assigned to the enterprises in question.

ARTICLE 198

Subsidies

Dispute settlement

str. 129The provisions on the dispute settlement mechanism in Chapter 14 (Dispute Settlement) of Title IV (Trade and Trade- related Matters) of this Agreement shall not apply to Articles 195, 196 and 197 of this Agreement.

ARTICLE 200

Relationship with the WTO

str. 129The provisions of this Chapter are without prejudice to the rights and obligations of a Party under the WTO Agreement, in particular the SCM Agreement and the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU).

ARTICLE 201

Confidentiality

str. 129When exchanging information under this Chapter the Parties shall take into account the limitations imposed by the requirements of professional and business secrecy in their respective jurisdictions.

CHAPTER 11

Trade-related energy provisions

ARTICLE 202

Definitions

ARTICLE 203

Transit

str. 129The Parties shall ensure transit, consistent with their international commitments in accordance with the provisions of GATT 1994 and the Energy Charter Treaty.

ARTICLE 204

Unauthorised taking of goods in transit

str. 130Each Party shall take all necessary measures to prohibit and address any unauthorised taking of energy goods in transit through its territory by any entity subject to that Party's control or jurisdiction.

ARTICLE 205

Uninterrupted transit

str. 1301. A Party shall not take from or interfere otherwise with the transit of energy goods through their territory, except where such taking or other interference is specifically provided for in a contract or other agreement governing such transit or where a continued operation of the energy transport facilities without prompt corrective action creates an unreasonable threat to public security, cultural heritage, health, safety or the environment, subject to the requirement that such action is not carried out in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction of international trade. 2. In the event of a dispute over any matter involving the Parties or one or more entities subject to the control or jurisdiction of one of the Parties, a Party through the territory of which the transit of energy goods takes place shall not, prior to the conclusion of a dispute resolution procedure under the relevant contract or of an emergency procedure under Annex XIV to this Agreement or under Chapter 14 (Dispute Settlement) of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement, interrupt or reduce such transit, or permit any entity subject to its control or jurisdiction, including a state trading enterprise, to interrupt or reduce such transit, except under the circumstances provided in paragraph 1.

str. 1313. A Party shall not be held liable for an interruption or reduction of transit pursuant to this Article where that Party is unable to supply or to transit energy goods as a result of actions attributable to a third country or an entity under the control or jurisdiction of a third country.

ARTICLE 206

Transit obligation for operators

str. 131Each Party shall ensure that operators of energy transport facilities take the necessary measures to:

- (a) minimise the risk of accidental interruption or reduction of transit;
- (b) expeditiously restore the normal operation of such transit, which has been accidentally interrupted or reduced.

ARTICLE 207

Regulatory authorities

str. 1311. Each Party shall designate independent regulatory authorities empowered to regulate the gas and electricity markets. These regulatory authorities shall be legally distinct and functionally independent from any other public or private enterprise, market participant or operator. 2. The decisions of and the procedures used by a regulatory authority shall be impartial with respect to all market participants. 3. An operator affected by any decision of a regulatory authority shall have the right to appeal against that decision to an appeal body which is independent of the parties involved. Where the appeal body is not judicial in character, written reasons for its decision shall always be given and its decisions shall also be subject to review by an impartial and independent judicial authority. Decisions taken by appeal bodies shall be effectively enforced.

ARTICLE 208

Organisation of markets

str. 1311. The Parties shall ensure that energy markets are operated with a view to achieving competitive, secure and envir­onmentally sustainable conditions and shall not discriminate between enterprises as regards rights or obligations. 2.

str. 132Notwithstanding paragraph 1, a Party may impose on enterprises, in the general

- economic interest, obligations which may relate to security, including security of supply; regularity, quality and price of supplies; and environmental protection, including energy efficiency, energy from renewable sources and climate protection. Such obligations shall be clearly defined, transparent, proportionate and verifiable. 3. Where a Party regulates the price at which gas and electricity are sold on the domestic market, that Party shall ensure that the methodology underlying the calculation of the regulated price is published prior to the entry into force of the regulated price.

ARTICLE 209

Access to energy transport facilities

str. 1321. Each Party shall ensure on its territory the implementation of a system of third party access to energy transport facilities and Liquefied Natural Gas and storage facilities applicable to all users and applied in a transparent, objective and nondiscriminatory manner. 2. Each Party shall ensure that the access tariff to energy transport facilities and all other conditions related to access to an energy transport facility are objective, reasonable, transparent and shall not discriminate on the basis of origin, ownership or destination of the energy good. 3. Each Party shall ensure that all technical and contracted capacity, both physical and virtual, is allocated through transparent and non-discriminatory criteria and procedures. 4. In case of refusal to grant third party access, the Parties shall ensure that, upon request, the energy transport facility operators provide a duly substantiated explanation to the requesting party, subject to legal redress. 5. A Party may exceptionally derogate from the provisions in paragraphs 1 to 4 according to objective criteria laid down in its legislation. In particular, a Party may implement in its legislation a possibility to grant, on a case-by-case basis, for a limited period of time, an exemption to the third party access rules for major new energy transport facilities.

ARTICLE 210

Relationship with the Energy Community Treaty

str. 133In relation to Georgia, in the event of a conflict between the provisions of this Chapter and the provisions of the Energy Community Treaty or the provisions of the European Union legislation made applicable under the Energy Community Treaty, the provisions of the Energy Community Treaty or the provisions of the relevant European Union legislation made applicable under the Energy Community Treaty shall prevail to the extent of such conflict. 2. In the implementation of this Chapter by Georgia, preference shall be given to the adoption of legislation or other acts which are consistent with the Energy Community Treaty or are based on the legislation applicable in the European Union. In the event of a dispute as regards this Chapter, legislation or other acts adopted by Georgia which meet these criteria shall be presumed to conform to this Chapter. In assessing whether the legislation or other acts adopted by Georgia meet these criteria, any relevant decision taken under Article 91 of the Energy Community Treaty shall be taken into account. 3. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article shall not apply to the United Kingdom.

CHAPTER 12 Transparency

ARTICLE 211

Definitions

ARTICLE 212

Objective

str. 133Recognising the impact which regulatory environment may have on trade and investment between the Parties, the Parties shall provide a predictable regulatory environment for economic operators and efficient procedures, including for small and medium-sized enterprises, taking due account of the requirements of legal certainty and proportionality.

ARTICLE 213

Publication

str. 1341. Each Party shall ensure that measures of general application:
2. (a) are promptly and readily available via an officially designated medium and where feasible, electronic means, in such a manner as to enable any person to become acquainted with them;
3. (b) provide an explanation of the objective of, and the rationale for, such measures; and
4. (c) allow for sufficient time between the publication and entry into force of such measures, except in duly justified cases including security or emergency issues. 2. Each Party shall:
6. (a) endeavour to make publicly available at an appropriate early stage any proposal to adopt or to amend any measure of general application, including an explanation of the objective of, and rationale for such proposal;
7. (b) provide reasonable opportunities for interested persons to comment on such proposal, allowing, in particular, for sufficient time for such opportunities; and

(c) endeavour to take into consideration the comments received from interested persons with respect to such proposal.

ARTICLE 214

Enquiries and contact points

str. 1341. In order to facilitate the communication between the Parties on any matter covered by Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement, each Party shall designate a contact point acting as coordinator. 2. Each Party shall establish or maintain appropriate mechanisms for responding to enquiries from any person regarding any measure of general application which is proposed or in force, and its application. Enquiries may be addressed through the contact point established under paragraph 1 or through any other mechanism, as appropriate. 3. The Parties recognise that any response provided for in paragraph 2 may not be definitive or legally binding but for information purposes only, unless otherwise provided for in their respective laws and regulations.

str. 1354. Upon request of a Party, the other Party shall promptly provide information and respond to questions pertaining to any measure of general application or any proposal to adopt or to amend any measure of general application that the requesting Party considers might affect the operation of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement, regardless of whether the requesting Party has been previously notified of that measure.

ARTICLE 215

Administration of measures of general application

str. 1351. Each Party shall administer in an objective, impartial and reasonable manner all measures of general application. 2. To that end, each Party, in applying such measures to particular persons, goods or services of the other Party in specific cases, shall:
3. (a) endeavour to provide interested persons, that are directly affected by an administrative proceeding, with a reasonable notice, in accordance with its procedures, when a proceeding is initiated, including a description of the nature of the proceeding, a statement of the legal authority under which the proceeding is initiated and a general description of any issues in controversy;
4. (b) afford such interested persons a reasonable opportunity to present facts and arguments in support of their positions prior to any final administrative action, in so far as the time, the nature of the proceeding and the public interest permit; and
5. (c) ensure that its procedures are based on and carried out in accordance with its law.

ARTICLE 216

Review and appeal

str. 1351. Each Party shall establish or maintain judicial, arbitral or administrative tribunals or procedures for the purpose of the prompt review and, where warranted, correction of administrative action relating to matters covered by Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement. Such tribunals or procedures shall be impartial and independent of the office or authority entrusted with administrative enforcement and those responsible for them shall not have any substantial interest in the outcome of the matter. 2.

str. 136Each Party shall ensure that, in any such tribunals or procedures, the parties to the proceeding are provided with theright to:
3. (a) a reasonable opportunity to support or defend their respective positions; and

- (b) a decision based on the evidence and the submissions of record or, where required by its law, the record compiled by the administrative authority. 3. Each Party shall ensure that, subject to appeal or further review as provided for in its law, such decision shall be implemented by, and shall govern the practice of, the office or the authority with respect to the administrative action at issue.

ARTICLE 217

Regulatory quality and performance and good administrative behaviour

str. 1361. The Parties agree to cooperate in promoting regulatory quality and performance, including through exchange of information and best practices on their respective regulatory policies and regulatory impact assessments. 2. The Parties recognise the importance of the principles of good administrative behaviour and agree to cooperate in promoting such principles, including through exchange of information and best practices.

ARTICLE 218

Specific rules

str. 136The provisions of this Chapter shall apply without prejudice to any specific rules on transparency established in other Chapters of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement.

CHAPTER 13

Trade and sustainable development

ARTICLE 219

Context and objectives

str. 1361. The Parties recall the Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development of 1992, the International Labour Organisation's (ILO) Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work of 1998, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation on Sustainable Development of 2002, the Ministerial Declaration of the United Nations Economic and Social Council on Generating Full and Productive Employment and Decent Work for All of 2006, and the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalisation of 2008. The Parties reaffirm their commitment to promote the development of international trade in such a way as to contribute to the objective of sustainable development, for the welfare of present and future generations, and to ensure that this objective is integrated and

reflected at every level of their trade relationship.

str. 1372. The Parties reaffirm their commitment to pursue sustainable development and recognise that economic devel­opment, social development and environmental protection are its interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars. They underline the benefit of considering trade-related labour 1 and environmental issues as part of a global approach to trade and sustainable development.

ARTICLE 220

Right to regulate and levels of protection

str. 1371. The Parties recognise the right of each Party to determine its sustainable development policies and priorities, to establish its own levels of domestic environmental and labour protection, and to adopt or modify accordingly its relevant law and policies, consistently with their commitment to the internationally recognised standards and agreements referred to in Articles 221 and 222 of this Agreement. 2. In that context, each Party shall strive to ensure that its law and policies provide for and encourage high levels of environmental and labour protection and shall strive to continue to improve its law and policies and the underlying levels of protection.

ARTICLE 221

Multilateral labour standards and agreements

str. 1371. The Parties recognise full and productive employment and decent work for all as key elements for managing globalisation, and reaffirm their commitment to promote the development of international trade in a way that is conducive to full and productive employment and decent work for all. In this context, the Parties commit to consulting and cooperating as appropriate on trade-related labour issues of mutual interest. 2. In accordance with their obligations as members of the ILO and the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up, adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 86th Session in 1998, the Parties commit to respecting, promoting and realising in their law and practice and in their whole territory the inter­ nationally recognised core labour standards, as embodied in the fundamental ILO conventions, and in particular:

1 When labour is referred to in this Chapter, it includes the issues relevant to the strategic objectives of the ILO, through which the Decent Work Agenda is expressed, as agreed on in the ILO 2008 Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalisation. 137

- (a) the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining;
- (b) the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour;
- (c) the effective abolition of child labour; and
- (d) the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. 3. The Parties reaffirm their commitment to effectively implement in their law and practice the fundamental, the priority and other ILO conventions ratified by Georgia and the United Kingdom respectively. 4. The Parties will also consider the ratification of the remaining priority and other conventions that are classified as up-to-date by the ILO. The Parties shall regularly exchange information on their respective situation and developments in this regard. 5. The Parties recognise that the violation of fundamental principles and rights at work cannot be invoked or otherwise used as a legitimate comparative advantage and that labour standards should not be used for protectionist trade purposes.

ARTICLE 222

Multilateral environmental governance and agreements

str. 1381. The Parties recognise the value of multilateral environmental governance and agreements as a response of the international community to global or regional environmental problems, and stress the need to enhance the mutual supportiveness between trade and environmental policies. In this context, the Parties commit to consult and cooperate as appropriate with respect to negotiations on trade-related environmental issues and with respect to other trade-related environmental matters of mutual interest. 2. The Parties reaffirm their commitment to effectively implement in their law and practice the multilateral environ­ mental agreements (MEAs) to which they are party. 3. The Parties shall regularly exchange information on their respective situation and advancements as regards ratifi­cations of MEAs or amendments to such agreements. 4. The Parties reaffirm their commitment to reaching the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

str. 139Change (UNFCCC) and the Protocol thereto (Kyoto Protocol). They commit to cooperate on the development of the future international climate change framework under the UNFCCC and its related

5. Nothing in this Agreement shall prevent the Parties from adopting or maintaining measures to implement the MEAs to which they are party, provided that such measures are not applied in a manner that would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between the Parties or a disguised restriction on trade.

ARTICLE 223

Trade and investment promoting sustainable development

str. 139The Parties reconfirm their commitment to enhance the contribution of trade to the goal of sustainable development in its economic, social and environmental dimensions. Accordingly:

(a) the Parties recognise the beneficial role that core labour standards and decent work can have on economic efficiency, innovation and productivity, and they shall seek greater policy coherence between trade policies, on the one hand, and labour policies on the other;

(b) the Parties shall strive to facilitate and promote trade and investment in environmental goods and services, including through addressing related non-tariff barriers;

(c) the Parties shall strive to facilitate the removal of obstacles to trade or investment concerning goods and services of particular relevance to climate change mitigation, such as sustainable renewable energy and energy efficient products and services. This may include the adoption of appropriate technologies and the promotion of standards that respond to environmental and economic needs and minimise technical obstacles to trade;

(d) the Parties agree to promote trade in goods that contribute to enhanced social conditions and environmentally sound practices, including goods that are the subject of voluntary sustainability assurance schemes such as fair and ethical trade schemes and eco-labels;

(e) the Parties agree to promote corporate social responsibility, including through exchange of information and best practices.

str. 140In this regard, the Parties refer to the relevant internationally recognised principles and guidelines, especially the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises.

ARTICLE 224

Biological diversity

str. 1401. The Parties recognise the importance of ensuring the conservation and the sustainable use of biological diversity as a key element for the achievement of sustainable development, and reaffirm their commitment to conserve and sustainably use biological diversity, in accordance with the Convention on Biological Diversity and other relevant international instruments to which they are party. 2. To that end, the Parties commit to:
3. (a) promoting trade in natural resource-based products obtained through a sustainable use of biological resources and contributing to the conservation of biodiversity;
4. (b) exchanging information on actions on trade in natural resource-based products aimed at halting the loss of biological diversity and reducing pressures on biodiversity and, where relevant, cooperating to maximise the impact and ensure the mutual supportiveness of their respective policies;
5. (c) promoting the listing of species under Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) where the conservation status of those species is considered at risk; and
6. (d) cooperating at the regional and global levels with the aim of promoting the conservation and the sustainable use of biological diversity in natural or agricultural ecosystems, including endangered species, their habitat, specially protected natural areas and genetic diversity; the restoration of ecosystems, and the elimination or the reduction of negative environmental impacts resulting from the use of living and non-living natural resources or of ecosystems.

ARTICLE 225

Sustainable management of forests and trade in forest products

str. 1401. The Parties recognise the importance of ensuring the conservation and the sustainable management of forests and of forests' contribution to the Parties' economic, environmental and social objectives. 2. To that end, the Parties commit to:
3.

str. 141(a) promoting trade in forest products derived from sustainably managed forests, harvested in accordance with the domestic legislation of the country of harvest, which could include bilateral or regional agreements to that end; (b) exchanging information on measures to promote the consumption of timber and timber products from sustainably managed forests and, where relevant, cooperate to developing such measures;

(c) adopting measures to promote the conservation of forest cover and combat illegal logging and related trade, including with respect to third countries, as appropriate;

(d) exchanging information on actions for improving forest governance and where relevant cooperating to maximise the impact and ensure the mutual supportiveness of their respective policies aiming at excluding illegally harvested timber and timber products from trade flows;

(e) promoting the listing of timber species under CITES where the conservation status of those species is considered at risk; and

(f) cooperating at the regional and the global levels with the aim of promoting the conservation of forest cover and the sustainable management of all types of forests.

ARTICLE 226

Trade in fish products

str. 141Taking into account the importance of ensuring responsible management of fish stocks in a sustainable manner as well as promoting good governance in trade, the Parties commit to:

(a) promoting best practices in fisheries management with a view to ensuring the conservation and the management of fish stocks in a sustainable manner, and based on the ecosystem approach;

(b) taking effective measures to monitor and control fishing activities;

(c) complying with long-term conservation measures and sustainable exploitation of marine living resources as defined in the main UN and FAO instruments relating to these issues;

(d) promoting coordinated data collection schemes and scientific cooperation between the Parties in order to improve current scientific advice for fisheries management;

(e) cooperating with and within relevant Regional Fisheries Management Organisations as widely as possible; and

- (f) cooperating in the fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing and fishing related activities with comprehensive, effective and transparent measures. The Parties shall also implement policies and measures to exclude IUU products from trade flows and their markets.

ARTICLE 227

Upholding levels of protection

str. 1421. The Parties recognise that it is inappropriate to encourage trade or investment by lowering the levels of protection afforded in domestic environmental or labour law. 2. A Party shall not waive or derogate from, or offer to waive or derogate from, its environmental or labour law as an encouragement for trade or the establishment, the acquisition, the expansion or the retention of an investment of an investor in its territory. 3. A Party shall not, through a sustained or recurring course of action or inaction, fail to effectively enforce its environmental and labour law, as an encouragement for trade or investment.

ARTICLE 228

Scientific information

str. 142When preparing and implementing measures aimed at protecting the environment or labour conditions that may affect trade or investment, the Parties shall take account of available scientific and technical information, and relevant inter­ national standards, guidelines or recommendations if they exist. In this regard, the Parties may also use the precautionary principle.

ARTICLE 229

Transparency

str. 142Each Party, in accordance with its domestic law and Chapter 12 (Transparency) of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement, shall ensure that any measure aimed at protecting the environment or labour conditions that may affect trade or investment is developed, introduced and implemented in a transparent manner, with due notice and public consultation, and with appropriate and timely communication to and consultation of non-state actors.

ARTICLE 230

Review of sustainability impacts

str. 143The Parties commit to reviewing, monitoring and assessing the impact of the implementation of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement on sustainable development through their respective participative processes and institutions, as well as those set up under this Agreement, for instance through traderelated sustainability impact assessments.

ARTICLE 231

Working together on trade and sustainable development

str. 143The Parties recognise the importance of working together on trade-related aspects of environmental and labour policies in order to achieve the objectives of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement. They may cooperate in, inter alia, the following areas:

(a) labour or environmental aspects of trade and sustainable development in international fora, including in particular the WTO, the ILO, United Nations Environment Programme, and MEAs;

(b) methodologies and indicators for trade sustainability impact assessments;

(c) the impact of labour and environment regulations, norms and standards on trade, as well as the impact of trade and investment rules on labour and environmental law, including on the development of labour and environmental regulations and policy;

(d) the positive and negative impacts of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement on sustainable development and ways to enhance, prevent or mitigate them, respectively, also taking into account the sustainability impact assessments carried out by either or both Parties;

(e) exchanging views and best practices on promoting the ratification and the effective implementation of fundamental, priority and other up-to-date ILO conventions and MEAs of relevance in a trade context;

(f) promoting private and public certification, traceability and labelling schemes, including eco-labelling;

(g) promoting corporate social responsibility, for instance through actions concerning awareness raising, implementation and dissemination of internationally recognised guidelines and principles;

(h) trade related aspects of the ILO Decent Work Agenda, including on the interlink between trade and full and productive employment, labour market adjustment, core labour standards, labour statistics, human resources development and lifelong learning, social protection and social inclusion, social dialogue and gender equality;

(i) trade-related aspects of MEAs, including customs cooperation;

- (j) trade-related aspects of the current and future international climate change regime, including means to promote low- carbon technologies and energy efficiency;

(k) trade-related measures to promote the conservation and the sustainable use of biological diversity;

(l) trade-related measures to promote the conservation and sustainable management of forests, thereby reducing pressure on deforestation including with regard to illegal logging; and

(m) trade-related measures to promote sustainable fishing practices and trade in sustainably managed fish products.

ARTICLE 232

Institutional set-up and overseeing mechanisms

str. 1441. Each Party shall designate a contact point within its administration that shall serve as the contact point with the other Party for purposes of implementing this Chapter. 2. The Trade and Sustainable Development Sub-Committee is hereby established. It shall report on its activities to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement. It shall comprise senior officials from within the administrations of each Party. 3. The Trade and Sustainable Development Sub-Committee shall meet within the first year after the date this Agreement enters into force, and thereafter as necessary, to oversee the implementation of this Chapter, including cooperative activities undertaken under Article 231 of this Agreement. That Sub-Committee shall establish its own rules of procedure. 4. Each Party shall convene new or consult existing domestic advisory group(s) on sustainable development with the task of advising on issues relating to this Chapter.

str. 145Such group(s) may submit views or recommendations on the implementation of this Chapter, including on its (their) own initiative. 5. The domestic advisory group(s) shall comprise independent representative organisations of civil society in a balanced representation of economic, social, and environmental stakeholders, including, among others, employers and workers organisations, non-governmental organisations, business groups, as well as other relevant stakeholders.

ARTICLE 233

Joint Civil Society Dialogue Forum

str. 1451. The Parties shall facilitate a joint forum with civil society organisations established in their territories, including members of their domestic advisory group(s), and the public at large to conduct a dialogue on sustainable development aspects of this Agreement. The Parties shall promote a balanced representation of relevant interests, including independent representative organisations of employers, workers, environmental interests and business groups, as well as other relevant stakeholders, as appropriate. 2. The joint civil society dialogue forum shall be convened once a year unless otherwise agreed by the Parties. The Parties shall agree on the operation of the joint civil society dialogue forum no later than one year after the entry into force of this Agreement. 3. The Parties shall present an update on the implementation of this Chapter to the joint civil society dialogue forum. The views and the opinions of a joint civil society dialogue forum shall be submitted to the Parties and shall be publicly available.

ARTICLE 234

Government consultations

str. 1451. For any matter arising under this Chapter the Parties shall only have recourse to the procedures established under this Article and Article 235 of this Agreement. 2. A Party may request consultations with the other Party regarding any matter arising under this Chapter by delivering a written request to the contact point of the other Party. The request shall present the matter clearly, identifying the problem at issue and providing a brief summary of the claims under this Chapter. Consultations shall start promptly after a Party delivers a request for consultations. 3. The Parties shall make every attempt to arrive at a mutually satisfactory resolution of the matter. The Parties shall take into account the activities of the ILO or relevant multilateral environmental organisations or bodies so as to promote greater cooperation and coherence between the work of the Parties and these organisations. Where relevant, the Parties may seek advice from these organisations

- or bodies, or any person or body they deem appropriate, in order to fully examine the matter. 4. If a Party considers that the matter needs further discussion, that Party may request that the Trade and Sustainable Development Sub-Committee be convened to consider the matter by delivering a written request to the contact point of the other Party. That Sub-Committee shall convene promptly and endeavour to agree on a resolution of the matter. 5. Where appropriate, that Sub-Committee may seek the advice of the domestic advisory group(s) of either or both Party(ies) or other expert assistance. 6. Any resolution reached by the consulting Parties on the matter shall be made publicly available.

ARTICLE 235

Panel of Experts

str. 1461. Each Party may, 90 days after the delivery of a request for consultations under Article 234(2) of this Agreement, request that a Panel of Experts be convened to examine a matter that has not been satisfactorily addressed through government consultations. 2.

str. 147The provisions of Sub-Section 1 (Arbitration procedure) and Sub-Section 3 (Common provisions), of Section 3 (Dispute settlement procedures), and of Article 261 of Chapter 14 (Dispute Settlement) of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement, as well as the Rules of Procedure in Annex XVI to this Agreement and the Code of Conduct for Arbitrators and Mediators ('Code of Conduct') set out in Annex XVII to this Agreement shall apply, except as otherwise provided in this Article. 3. At its first meeting after the entry into force of this Agreement, the Trade and Sustainable Development Sub- Committee shall establish a list of at least 15 individuals who are willing and able to serve as experts in panel procedures. Each Party shall propose at least five individuals to serve as experts. The Parties shall also select at least five individuals who are not nationals of either Party who may serve as chairperson to the Panel of Experts. The Trade and Sustainable Development SubCommittee shall ensure that the list is always maintained at this level. 4. The list referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article shall comprise individuals with specialised knowledge or expertise in law, labour or environmental issues addressed in this Chapter, or the resolution of disputes arising under international agreements. They shall be independent, serve in their individual capacities and not take instructions from any organisation or government with regard to issues related to the matter at stake, or be affiliated with the government of any Party, and shall

- comply with Annex XVII to this Agreement. 5. For matters arising under this Chapter, the Panel of Experts shall be composed of experts from the list referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article, in accordance with Article 241 of this Agreement and rule 8 of the Rules of Procedure set out in Annex XVI to this Agreement. 6. The Panel of Experts may seek information and advice from either Party, the domestic advisory group(s) or any other source it deems appropriate. In matters related to the respect of multilateral agreements as set out in Article 221 and 222 of this Agreement, the Panel of Experts should seek information and advice from the ILO or MEA bodies. 7.

str. 148The Panel of Experts shall issue its report to the Parties, in accordance with the relevant procedures set out in Chapter 14 (Dispute Settlement) of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement, setting out the findings of facts, the applicability of the relevant provisions and the basic rationale behind any findings and recommendations that it makes. The Parties shall make the report publicly available within 15 days of its issuance. 8. The Parties shall discuss appropriate measures to be implemented taking into account the Panel of Experts' report and recommendations. The Party concerned shall inform its advisory groups and the other Party of its decisions on any action or measure to be implemented no later than three months after the public release of the report. The follow-up to the report and the recommendations of the Panel of Experts shall be monitored by the Trade and Sustainable Development Sub-committee. The advisory bodies and the Joint Civil Society Dialogue Forum may submit observations to the Trade and Sustainable Development Sub-Committee in this regard.

CHAPTER 14 Dispute settlement

Section 1

ARTICLE 236

Objective

str. 148The objective of this Chapter is to establish an effective and efficient mechanism for avoiding and settling any dispute between the Parties concerning the interpretation and application of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement with a view to arriving at, where possible, a mutually agreed solution.

ARTICLE 237

Scope of application

str. 148This Chapter shall apply with respect to any dispute concerning the interpretation and application of the provisions of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement, except as otherwise provided.

Section 2

ARTICLE 238

Consultations

str. 1481. The Parties shall endeavour to resolve any dispute referred to in Article 237 of this Agreement by entering into consultations in good faith with the aim of reaching a mutually agreed solution. 2. A Party shall seek consultations by means of a written request to the other Party, copied to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, giving reasons for the request, including by identifying the measure at issue and the provisions referred to in Article 237 of this Agreement that it considers applicable. 3. Consultations shall be held within 30 days of the date of receipt of the request and take place, unless the Parties agree otherwise, in the territory of the Party to which the request is made. The consultations shall be deemed concluded within 30 days of the date of receipt of the request, unless both Parties agree to continue consultations. Consultations, in particular all information disclosed and positions taken by the Parties during the consultations, shall be confidential, and without prejudice to the rights of either Party in any further proceedings. 4. Consultations on matters of urgency, including those regarding perishable goods or seasonal goods or services shall be held within 15 days of the date of receipt of the request by the requested Party, and shall be deemed concluded within those 15 days unless both Parties agree to continue consultations. 5. If the Party to which the request is made does not respond to the request for consultations within ten days of the date of its receipt, or if consultations are not held within the timeframes laid down in paragraph 3 or in paragraph 4 of this Article respectively, or if the Parties agree not to have consultations, or if consultations have been concluded and no mutually agreed solution has been reached, the Party that sought consultations may have recourse to Article 240 of this Agreement. 6. During the consultations each Party shall deliver sufficient factual information,

so as to allow a complete exam­ination of the manner in which the measure at issue could affect the operation and the application of this Agreement. 7.

str. 150Where consultations concern the transport of energy goods through networks and one Party views the resolution of the dispute as urgent because of an interruption, in full or in part, of transport of natural gas, oil or electricity between the Parties the consultations shall be held within three days of the date of submission of the request, and shall be deemed concluded three days after the date of submission of the request unless both Parties agree to continue consultations.

ARTICLE 239

Mediation

str. 150Any Party may request the other Party to enter into a mediation procedure pursuant to Annex XV to this Agreement with respect to any measure adversely affecting its trade interests.

Arbitration procedure

ARTICLE 240

Initiation of the arbitration procedure

str. 1501. Where the Parties have failed to resolve the dispute by recourse to consultations as provided for in Article 238 of this Agreement, the Party that sought consultations may request the establishment of an arbitration panel in accordance with this Article. 2. The request for the establishment of an arbitration panel shall be made in writing to the other Party and the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement. The complaining Party shall identify in its request the measure at issue, and it shall explain how such measure is inconsistent with the provisions referred to in Article 237 of this Agreement in a manner sufficient to present the legal basis for the complaint clearly.

ARTICLE 241

Establishment of the arbitration panel

str. 1501. An arbitration panel shall be composed of three arbitrators. 2. Upon receipt of the request for the establishment of an arbitration panel, the Parties shall consult promptly and shall endeavour to reach an agreement on the composition of the arbitration panel. Notwithstanding paragraphs 3 and 4 of this Article, the Parties may at any time before the establishment of the arbitration panel decide to compose the arbitration panel by mutual agreement. 3.

str. 151Either Party may request to apply the procedure for panel composition laid down in this paragraph after five days from the request for the establishment of a panel, if no agreement has been found on the composition of the arbitration panel. Each Party may appoint an arbitrator from the list established under Article 259 of this Agreement within ten days from the date of request to apply the procedure in this paragraph. If any of the Parties fails to appoint the arbitrator, the arbitrator shall, upon request of the other Party, be selected by lot by the chair or co-chairs of the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, or their delegates, from the sub-list of that Party contained in the list established under Article 259 of this Agreement. Unless the Parties have reached an agreement concerning the chairperson of the arbitration panel, upon request of any of the Parties, the chair or co- chairs of the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration or their delegates, shall select by lot the chairperson of the arbitration panel from the sub-list of chairpersons contained in the list established under Article 259 of this Agreement. 4. In the event of selection by lot of one or more arbitrators, the draw shall take place within five days of the request to select by lot referred to in paragraph 3. 5. The date of establishment of the arbitration panel shall be the date on which the last of the three selected arbitrators accepted the appointment in accordance with the Rules of Procedure in Annex XVI to this Agreement. 6. Should any of the lists provided for in Article 259 of this Agreement not be established or not contain sufficient names at the time a request is made pursuant to paragraph 3, the arbitrators shall be drawn by lot. The draw shall take place from the individuals who have been formally proposed by each of the Parties or, in case one Party has failed to make such proposal, the draw shall be made from the individuals proposed by the other Party. 7.

str. 152Unless the Parties agree otherwise, in respect of a dispute concerning Chapter 11 (Trade-related energy) of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement which a Party considers to be urgent because of an interruption, in full or in part, of any transport of natural gas, oil, or electricity or a threat thereof between the Parties, the procedure of selection by lot envisaged in paragraph 3 of this Article

shall apply without recourse to the first sentence of paragraph 2 of this Article or to the other steps provided for in paragraph 3 of this Article, and the period referred to in paragraph 4 of this Article shall be two days.

ARTICLE 242

Preliminary ruling on urgency

str. 152If a Party so requests, the arbitration panel shall, within ten days of the date of its establishment, give a preliminary ruling on whether it deems the case to be urgent.

ARTICLE 243

Arbitration panel report

str. 1521. The arbitration panel shall notify an interim report to the Parties setting out the findings of fact, the applicability of relevant provisions and the basic rationale behind any findings and recommendations that it makes, no later than 90 days after the date of establishment of the arbitration panel. Where it considers that this deadline cannot be met, the chairperson of the arbitration panel shall notify the Parties and the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, in writing, stating the reasons for the delay and the date on which the panel plans to notify its interim report. Under no circumstances should the interim report be notified later than 120 days after the date of establishment of the arbitration panel. The interim report shall not be made public. 2. A Party may submit a written request to the arbitration panel to review precise aspects of the interim report within 14 days of its notification. 3. In cases of urgency, including those involving perishable goods or seasonal goods or services, the arbitration panel shall make every effort to notify its interim report within 45 days and, in any case, no later than 60 days after the date of establishment of the arbitration panel. A Party may submit a written request to the arbitration panel to review precise aspects of the interim report, within 7 days of the notification of the interim report. 4. After considering any written comments by the Parties on the interim report, the arbitration panel may modify its report and make any further examination it considers appropriate. The findings of the final panel ruling shall include a sufficient discussion of the arguments made at the interim review stage, and shall answer clearly to the questions and observations of the two Parties. 5. In respect of a dispute concerning Chapter 11 (Trade-related energy) of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement which a Party considers to be urgent because of an interruption, in full or in part, of any transport of natural gas, oil or electricity or a threat thereof, between the Parties, the interim report shall be

notified 20 days after the date of establishment of the arbitration panel, and any request pursuant to paragraph 2 of this Article shall be made within five days of the notification of the written report. The arbitration panel may also decide to dispense with the interim report.

ARTICLE 244

Conciliation for urgent energy disputes

str. 1531. In respect of a dispute concerning Chapter 11 (Trade-related energy) of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement which a Party considers to be urgent because of an interruption, in full or in part, of any transport of natural gas, oil, or electricity or a threat thereof between the Parties, either Party may request the chairperson of the arbitration panel to act as a conciliator concerning any matter related to the dispute by making a request to the notified panel. 2. The conciliator shall seek an agreed resolution of the dispute or seek to agree a procedure to achieve such resolution. If within 15 days of his/her appointment he/she has failed to secure such agreement, he/she shall recommend a resolution to the dispute or a procedure to achieve such resolution and shall decide on the terms and conditions to be observed from a date which he/she shall specify until the dispute is resolved. 3. The Parties and the entities under their control or jurisdiction shall respect recommendations made under paragraph 2 on the terms and conditions for three months following the conciliator's decision or until resolution of the dispute, whichever is earlier. 4. The conciliator shall respect the Code of Conduct set out in Annex XVII to this Agreement.

ARTICLE 245

Notification of the ruling of the arbitration panel

str. 1541. The arbitration panel shall notify its final ruling to the Parties and to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, within 120 days from the date of establishment of the arbitration panel. Where it considers that this deadline cannot be met, the chairperson of the arbitration panel shall notify the Parties and the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration in writing, stating the reasons for the delay and the date on which the panel plans to notify its ruling. Under no circumstances should the ruling be notified later than 150 days after the date of establishment of the arbitration panel. 2. In cases of urgency, including those involving perishable goods or seasonal goods or services, the arbitration panel shall make every effort to notify its ruling within 60 days from the date of its establishment. Under no circumstances should the ruling be notified later than 75 days after the date of its establishment. 3.

str. 155In respect of a dispute concerning Chapter 11 (Trade-related Energy) of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement which a Party considers to be urgent because of an interruption, in full or in part, of any transport of natural gas, oil or electricity or a threat thereof between the Parties, the arbitration panel shall notify its ruling within 40 days from the date of its establishment.

Sub - section 2 Compliance

ARTICLE 246

Compliance with the arbitration panel ruling

str. 155The Party complained against shall take any measure necessary to comply promptly and in good faith with the arbitration panel ruling.

ARTICLE 247

Reasonable period of time for compliance

str. 1551. If immediate compliance is not possible, the Parties shall endeavour to agree on the period of time to comply with the ruling. In such a case, the Party complained against shall, no later than 30 days after the receipt of the notification of the arbitration panel ruling, notify the complaining Party and the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, of the time it will require for compliance ('reasonable period of time'). 2. If there is disagreement between the Parties on the reasonable period of time to comply with the arbitration panel ruling, the complaining Party shall, within 20 days of the date of receipt of the notification made under paragraph 1 by the Party complained against, request in writing the original arbitration panel to determine the length of the reasonable period of time. Such request shall be notified simultaneously to the other Party and to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration. The original arbitration panel shall notify its ruling to the Parties and to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration within 20 days from the date of submission of the request. 3. The Party complained against shall inform the complaining Party in writing of its progress to comply with the arbitration panel ruling at least one month before the expiry of the reasonable period of time. 4. The reasonable period of time may be extended by mutual agreement of the Parties.

ARTICLE 248

Review of any measure taken to comply with the arbitration panel ruling

str. 1551. The Party complained against shall notify the complaining Party and the

str. 156Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, before the end of the reasonable period of time of any measure that it has taken to comply with the arbitration panel ruling. 2. In the event that there is disagreement between the Parties concerning the existence or the consistency of any measure under paragraph 1, taken to comply with the provisions referred to in Article 237 of this Agreement, the complaining Party may request in writing the original arbitration panel to rule on the matter. Such request shall identify the specific measure at issue and explain how such measure is inconsistent with the provisions referred to in Article 237 of this Agreement, in a manner sufficient to present the legal basis for the complaint clearly. The original arbitration panel shall notify its ruling to the Parties and to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration within 45 days of the date of submission of the request.

ARTICLE 249

Temporary remedies in case of non-compliance

str. 1561. If the Party complained against fails to notify any measure taken to comply with the arbitration panel ruling before the expiry of the reasonable period of time, or if the arbitration panel rules that no measure taken to comply exists or that the measure notified under Article 248(1) of this Agreement, is inconsistent with that Party's obligations under the provisions referred to in Article 237 of this Agreement, the Party complained against shall, if so requested by the complaining Party and after consultations with that Party, present an offer for temporary compensation. 2.

str. 157If the complaining Party decides not to request an offer for temporary compensation under paragraph 1 of this Article, or, in case such request is made, if no agreement on compensation is reached within 30 days after the end of the reasonable period of time or of the notification of the arbitration panel ruling under Article 248 of this Agreement that no measure taken to comply exists or that a measure taken to comply is inconsistent with the provisions referred to in Article 237 of this Agreement, the complaining Party shall be entitled, upon notification to the other Party and to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, to suspend concessions or obligations arising from any provision referred to in Article 237 of this

Agreement, at an adequate level, equivalent to the nullification or impairment caused by the violation. The notification shall specify the level of suspension of concessions or obligations. The complaining Party may implement the suspension at any moment after the expiry of ten days after the date of receipt of the notification by the Party complained against, unless the Party complained against has requested arbitration under paragraph 4 of this Article. 3. In suspending concessions or other obligations, the complaining Party may choose to increase its tariff rates to the level applied to other WTO Members on a volume of trade to be determined in such a way that the volume of trade multiplied by the increase of the tariff rates equals the value of the nullification or impairment caused by the violation. 4. If the Party complained against considers that the level of suspension is not equivalent to the nullification or impairment caused by the violation, it may request in writing the original arbitration panel to rule on the matter. Such request shall be notified to the complaining Party and to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration before the expiry of the ten day period referred to in paragraph 2. The original arbitration panel shall notify its ruling on the level of the suspension of concessions or other obligations to the Parties and to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration within 30 days of the date of submission of the request.

str. 158Concessions or other obligations shall not be suspended until the original arbitration panel has notified its ruling, and any suspension shall be consistent with the arbitration panel ruling. 5. The suspension of concessions or other obligations and the compensation foreseen in this Article shall be temporary and shall not be applied after:
4. (a) the Parties have reached a mutually agreed solution pursuant to Article 254 of this Agreement; or
5. (b) the Parties have agreed that the measure notified under Article 248(1) of this Agreement brings the Party complained against into conformity with the provisions referred to in Article 237 of this Agreement; or
6. (c) any measure found to be inconsistent with the provisions referred to in Article 237 has been withdrawn or amended so as to bring it into conformity with those provisions, as ruled under Article 248(2) of this Agreement.

ARTICLE 250

Remedies for urgent energy disputes

str. 1581. In respect of a dispute concerning Chapter 11 (Trade-related Energy) of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement which a Party considers to be urgent because of an interruption, in full or in part, of any transport of natural gas, oil, or electricity or a threat thereof between the Parties, the provisions of this Article

- on remedies shall apply. 2. By way of derogation from Articles 247, 248 and 249 of this Agreement, the complaining Party may suspend concessions or other obligations arising under Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement to an adequate level, equivalent to the nullification or impairment caused by the Party failing to bring itself into compliance with the arbitration panel ruling within 15 days of its notification. That suspension may take effect immediately. Such suspension may be maintained as long as the Party complained against has not complied with the arbitration panel ruling. 3.

str. 159Should the Party complained against dispute the existence of a failure to comply or the level of the suspension due to the failure to comply, it may initiate proceedings under Articles 249(4) and 251 of this Agreement which shall be examined expeditiously. The complaining Party shall be required to remove or adjust the suspension only once the Panel has ruled on the matter, and may maintain the suspension pending the proceedings.

ARTICLE 251

Review of any measure taken to comply after the adoption of temporary remedies for non-compliance

str. 1591. The Party complained against shall notify the complaining Party and the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, of the measure it has taken to comply with the ruling of the arbitration panel following the suspension of concessions or other obligations or following the application of temporary compensation, as the case may be. With the exception of cases under paragraph 2 of this Article, the complaining Party shall terminate the suspension of concessions or other obligations within 30 days from the receipt of the notification. In cases where compensation has been applied, and with the exception of cases under paragraph 2 of this Article, the Party complained against may terminate the application of such compensation within 30 days from its notification that it has complied with the ruling of the arbitration panel. 2. If the Parties do not reach an agreement on whether the notified measure brings the Party complained against into conformity with the provisions referred to in Article 237 of this Agreement, within 30 days of the date of receipt of the notification, the complaining Party shall request in writing the original arbitration panel to rule on the matter. Such a request shall be notified simultaneously to the other Party and to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration.

str. 160The arbitration panel ruling shall be notified to the Parties and to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration within 45 days of the date of submission ofthe request. If the arbitration panel rules that the measure taken comply with the provisions referred to in Article 237 of this Agreement, the suspension of concessions or other obligations or compensation, as the case may be,

shall be terminated. Where relevant, the complaining Party shall adapt the level of suspension of concessions or other obligations to the level determined by the arbitration panel.

ARTICLE 252

Replacement of arbitrators

str. 160If in an arbitration proceeding under this Chapter, the original panel, or some of its members, are unable to participate, withdraw, or need to be replaced because they do not comply with the requirements of the Code of Conduct set out in Annex XVII to this Agreement, the procedure set out in Article 241 of this Agreement shall apply. The time-limit for the notification of the arbitration panel ruling shall be extended by 20 days with the exception of the urgent disputes referred to in paragraph 7 of Article 241, for which the time-limit shall be extended by five days. Sub - section 3

Common provisions

ARTICLE 253

Suspension and termination of arbitration and compliance procedures

str. 160The arbitration panel shall, at the written request of both Parties, suspend its work at any time for a period agreed by the Parties not exceeding 12 consecutive months. The arbitration panel shall resume its work before the end of that period at the written request of both Parties or at the end of this period at the written request of any Party. The requesting Party shall inform the chair or co-chairs of the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, and the other Party, accordingly. If a Party does not request the resumption of the arbitration panel's work at the expiry of the agreed suspension period, the procedure shall be terminated.

str. 161The suspension and termination of the arbitration panel's work are without prejudice to the rights of either Party in another proceeding subject to Article 260 of this Agreement.

ARTICLE 254

Mutually agreed solution

str. 161The Parties may reach a mutually agreed solution to a dispute under Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement at any time. They shall jointly notify the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, and the chairperson of the arbitration panel, where applicable, of any such solution. If the solution requires approval pursuant to the relevant domestic procedures of either Party, the notification shall refer to this

requirement, and the dispute settlement procedure shall be suspended. If such approval is not required, or if the completion of any such domestic procedures is notified, the dispute settlement procedure shall be terminated.

ARTICLE 255

Rules of procedure

str. 1611. Dispute settlement procedures under this Chapter shall be governed by the Rules of Procedure set out in Annex XVI to this Agreement and by the Code of Conduct set out in Annex XVII to this Agreement. 2. Any hearing of the arbitration panel shall be open to the public unless otherwise provided for in the Rules of Procedure.

ARTICLE 256

Information and technical advice

str. 161At the request of a Party, or upon its own initiative, the arbitration panel may obtain any information it deems appropriate for the arbitration panel proceeding from any source, including the Parties involved in the dispute. The arbitration panel also has the right to seek the opinion of experts as it deems appropriate. The arbitration panel shall consult the Parties before choosing such experts. Natural or legal persons established in the territory of a Party may submit amicus curiae briefs to the arbitration panel in accordance with the Rules of Procedure. Any information obtained under this Article shall be disclosed to each of the Parties and submitted for their comments.

ARTICLE 257

Rules of interpretation

str. 162The arbitration panel shall interpret the provisions referred to in Article 237 of this Agreement, in accordance with customary rules of interpretation of public international law, including those codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969. The panel shall also take into account relevant interpretations established in reports of panels and the Appellate Body adopted by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). The rulings of the arbitration panel cannot add to or diminish the rights and obligations of the Parties provided under this Agreement.

ARTICLE 258

Decisions and rulings of the arbitration panel

str. 1621. The arbitration panel shall make every effort to take any decision by consensus. Where, nevertheless, a decision cannot be arrived at by consensus, the matter at issue shall be decided by majority vote. The deliberations of the panel shall be confidential and dissenting opinions shall not be issued. 2. The rulings of the arbitration panel shall be unconditionally accepted by the Parties. They shall not create any rights or obligations for natural or legal persons. The rulings shall set out the findings of fact, the applicability of the relevant provisions referred to in Article 237 of this Agreement and the basic rationale behind any findings and conclusions that they make. The Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, shall make the rulings of the arbitration panel publicly available in their entirety within ten days of their notification, unless it decides not to do so in order to ensure the confidentiality of information that is designated as confidential by the Party that provided it, on the basis of its legislation.

Section 4

ARTICLE 259

Lists of arbitrators

str. 1621. The Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement, shall, no later than six months after the entry into force of this Agreement, establish a list of at least 15 individuals who are willing and able to serve as arbitrators. The list shall be composed of three sub-lists: one sub-list for each Party and one sub-list of individuals that are not nationals of either Party and who may serve as chairperson to the arbitration panel. Each sub-list shall include at least five individuals. The Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration shall ensure that the list is always maintained at that level. 2. Arbitrators shall have specialised knowledge and experience of law and international trade. They shall be inde­pendent, serve in their individual capacities and not take instructions from any organisation or government, or be affiliated with the government of any of the Parties, and shall comply with the Code of Conduct set out in Annex XVII to this Agreement. 3. The Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration may establish additional lists of 12 individuals with knowledge and experience in specific sectors covered by this Agreement. Subject to the agreement of the Parties, such additional lists shall be used to compose the arbitration panel in accordance with the procedure set out in Article 241 of this Agreement.

ARTICLE 260

Relation with WTO obligations

str. 1631. Recourse to the dispute settlement provisions of this Chapter shall be without prejudice to any action in the WTO framework, including dispute settlement proceedings. 2. However, where a Party has, with regard to a particular measure, initiated a dispute settlement proceeding, either under this Chapter or under the WTO Agreement, it may not institute a dispute settlement proceeding regarding the same measure in the other forum until the first proceeding has been concluded. In addition, a Party shall not seek redress of an obligation which is identical under this Agreement and under the WTO Agreement in the two fora.

str. 164In such case, once a dispute settlement proceeding has been initiated, the Parties shall use the selected forum tothe exclusion of the other, unless the forum selected fails for procedural or jurisdictional reasons to make findings on the claim seeking redress of that obligation. 3. For the purposes of paragraph 2 of this Article:

- (a) dispute settlement proceedings under the WTO Agreement are deemed to be initiated by a Party's request for the establishment of a panel under Article 6 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes contained in Annex 2 to the WTO Agreement (DSU) and are deemed to be concluded when the DSB adopts that panel's report, and the Appellate Body's report as the case may be, under Articles 16 and 17.14 of the DSU; and
- (b) dispute settlement proceedings under this Chapter are deemed to be initiated by a Party's request for the establishment of an arbitration panel under Article 240 of this Agreement and are deemed to be concluded when the arbitration panel notifies its ruling under Article 245 of this Agreement to the Parties and to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in Article 354(3) of this Agreement. 4. Nothing in this Agreement shall preclude a Party from implementing the suspension of concessions or other obligations authorised by the DSB. The WTO Agreement shall not be invoked to preclude a Party from suspending concessions or other obligations under this Chapter.

ARTICLE 261

Time-limits

str. 1641. All time-limits laid down in this Chapter, including the time-limits for an arbitration panel to notify its ruling, shall be counted in calendar days from the day following the act or fact to which they refer, unless otherwise specified. 2. Any time-limit referred to in this Chapter may be modified by mutual agreement of the Parties to the dispute. The arbitration panel may at any time propose to the Parties to modify any time-limit referred to in this Chapter, stating the reasons for that proposal.

CHAPTER 1

Economic dialogue

ARTICLE 262

str. 1651. The UK and Georgia shall facilitate the process of economic reform by improving the understanding of the fundamentals of their respective economies and the formulation and implementation of economic policies. 2. The Parties shall strive to ensure sound macroeconomic policies.

ARTICLE 263

str. 165To that end, the Parties agree to conduct a regular economic dialogue aimed at:

(a) exchanging information on macroeconomic trends and policies, as well as on structural reforms, including strategies for economic development;

(b) exchanging expertise and best practices in areas such as public finance, monetary and exchange rate policy frame­ works, financial sector policy and economic statistics;

(c) reviewing status of bilateral cooperation in the economic, financial and statistical fields.

CHAPTER 2

Management of public finances and financial control

ARTICLE 264

str. 165The Parties shall cooperate in the area of public internal financial control (PIFC) and external audit with the following objectives:

- (a) further development and implementation of the PIFC system based on the principle of managerial accountability, and including a functionally independent internal audit function in the entire public sector, by means of harmonisation with generally accepted international standards and methodologies, on the basis of the PIFC policy paper approved by the Government of Georgia;
- (b) to reflect in the PIFC policy paper if and under which conditions a financial inspection system may be implemented, in which case such function will be complaint driven and will complement but not duplicate the internal audit function;
- (c) effective cooperation between the actors defined by the PIFC policy paper to foster the development of governance;
- (d) supporting the Central Harmonisation Unit for PIFC and strengthening its competences;
- (e) further strengthening of the State Audit Office of Georgia as a supreme audit institution of Georgia in terms of its independence, organisational and audit capacity, financial and human resources and implementation of internationally accepted external audit (INTOSAI) standards by the supreme audit institution; and
- (f) exchange of information, experiences and good practices through inter alia personnel exchange and joint training in these fields.

CHAPTER 3 Taxation

ARTICLE 265

str. 166The Parties shall cooperate to enhance good governance in the tax area, with a view to the further improvement of economic relations, trade, investment and fair competition.

ARTICLE 266

str. 166With reference to Article 265 of this Agreement, the Parties recognise and commit themselves to implement the principles of good governance in the tax area, i.e. the

principles of transparency, exchange of information and fair tax competition. To that effect, the Parties will improve international cooperation in the tax area, facilitate the collection of legitimate tax revenues, and develop measures for the effective implementation of the above mentioned principles.

ARTICLE 267

str. 166The Parties shall strive to enhance cooperation and sharing of experiences in combating tax fraud, in particular carousel fraud.

ARTICLE 268

str. 166The Parties shall develop their cooperation in counteracting and fighting fraud and smuggling of excisable products. To that end, the Parties will look to strengthen their cooperation within the regional context.

ARTICLE 269

str. 166A regular dialogue may take place on the issues covered by this Chapter.

CHAPTER 4 Statistics

ARTICLE 270

str. 166The Parties shall develop and strengthen their cooperation on statistical issues, thereby contributing to the long-term objective of providing timely, internationally comparable and reliable statistical data.

str. 167It is expected that a sustainable, efficient and professionally independent national statistical system shall produce information relevant for citizens, businesses and decision-makers in Georgia and inthe UK, enabling them to take informed decisions on this basis. The national statistical system should respect the UN Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics, taking into account international standards and best practice, in order to align the national statistical system with internationally comparable norms and standards.

ARTICLE 271

str. 167Cooperation shall aim at:

(a) further strengthening the capacity of the national statistical system, focusing on the sound legal basis, production of adequate data and metadata, dissemination policy and user friendliness, taking into account various groups of users, in particular public and private sectors, academic community and other users;

(b) fine-tuning of data provision, taking into account the application of relevant international methodologies, including classifications;

(c) enhancing the professional and management capacity of the national statistical staff to facilitate the application of statistical standards and to contribute to the development of the Georgian statistical system;

(d) exchanging experience between the Parties on the development of statistical know-how; and

(e) promoting total quality management of all statistical production processes and dissemination.

ARTICLE 272

str. 168The Parties shall further cooperate, inter alia , on the areas of:

- (a) macroeconomic statistics, including national accounts, foreign trade statistics, balance of payments statistics, foreign direct investment statistics;
- (b) demographic statistics, including censuses and social statistics;
- (c) agricultural statistics, including agricultural censuses and environment statistics;
- (d) business statistics, including business registers and use of administrative sources for statistical purposes;
- (e) energy statistics, including balances;
- (f) regional statistics;
- (g) horizontal activities, including statistical classifications, quality management, training, dissemination, use of modern information technologies; and
- (h) other relevant areas. The Parties shall:

- (a) expand and strengthen their transport cooperation in order to contribute to the development of sustainable transport systems;
- (b) promote efficient, safe and secure transport operations as well as intermodality and interoperability of transport systems; and
- (c) endeavour to enhance the main transport links between their territories.

ARTICLE 276

str. 168This cooperation shall cover, inter alia , the following areas:

- (a) development of a sustainable national transport policy covering all modes of transport, particularly with a view to ensuring environmentally friendly, efficient, safe and secure transport systems and promoting the integration of these considerations in the sphere of transport into other policy areas;
- (b) development of sector strategies in light of the national transport policy, including legal requirements for the upgrading of technical equipment and transport fleets;
- (c) strengthening of the infrastructure policy in order to better identify and

ARTICLE 273

str. 168The Parties shall, inter alia , exchange information and expertise and shall develop their cooperation, taking into account the already accumulated experience in the reform of the statistical system. The emphasis in the statistical data production process shall be the further development of sample surveys and use of administrative records, while taking into account the need to reduce the response burden. The data shall be relevant for the designing and monitoring of policies in key areas of social and economic life.

ARTICLE 274

str. 168A regular dialogue may take place on the issues covered by this Chapter.

CHAPTER 1 Transport

ARTICLE 275

str. 169evaluate infrastructure projects in the various modes of transport;

- (d) development of funding policies focusing on maintenance, capacity constraints and missing link infrastructure as well as activating and promoting the participation of the private sector in transport projects;
- (e) accession to relevant international transport organisations and agreements including procedures for ensuring strict implementation and effective enforcement of international transport agreements and conventions;
- (f) scientific and technical cooperation and exchange of information for the development and improvement of technologies in transport, such as intelligent transport systems; and
- (g) promotion of the use of intelligent transport systems and information technology in managing and operating all relevant modes of transport as well as supporting intermodality and cooperation in the use of space systems and commercial applications facilitating transport.

ARTICLE 277

str. 1691. Cooperation shall also aim at improving the movement of passengers and goods, increasing fluidity of transport flows between Georgia, the UK and third countries in the region, by removing administrative, technical and other obstacles, improving transport networks and upgrading the infrastructure in particular on the main networks connecting the Parties. This cooperation shall include actions to facilitate border-crossings. 2. Cooperation shall include information exchange and joint activities:
3. (a) at regional level, in particular taking into consideration and integrating progress achieved under various regional transport cooperation arrangements and other transport initiatives; and
4. (b) at international level, including with regard to international transport organisations and international agreements and conventions ratified by the Parties.

ARTICLE 278

str. 169A regular dialogue may take place on the issues covered by this Chapter.

CHAPTER 2

Energy cooperation

ARTICLE 279

str. 169The cooperation should be based on the principles of partnership, mutual interest, transparency and predictability, taking into account the need to ensure access to secure, environmentally friendly and affordable energy.

ARTICLE 280

str. 170The cooperation may cover, inter alia , the following areas:

- (a) energy strategies and policies;

(b) the development of competitive, transparent and efficient energy markets allowing third parties non-discriminatory access to networks and consumer, including the development of the relevant regulatory framework, as required and with reference to Article 210;

(c) development of an attractive and stable investment climate by addressing institutional, legal, fiscal and other conditions;

(d) energy infrastructures of common interest, in order to diversify energy sources, suppliers and transportation routes in an economic and environmentally sound manner;

(e) enhancement of security of energy supply;

(f) enhancement and strengthening of long-term stability and security of energy trade, transit and transport, and pricing policies, including a general cost based system for the transmission of energy resources, on a mutually beneficial and nondiscriminatory basis in accordance with international rules, including the Energy Charter Treaty and with reference to Article 210;

(g) promotion of energy efficiency and energy savings in economic and environmentally sound manner;

(h) development and support of diverse types of renewable energies and promotion of bilateral and regional integration in this field;

(i) scientific and technical cooperation and exchange of information for the development and improvement of technologies in energy production, transportation, supply and end use with particular attention to energy efficient and environmentally friendly technologies;

(j) cooperation on nuclear safety, security and radiation protection, in accordance

with the principles and standards of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the relevant international treaties and conventions concluded within the framework of the IAEA; and

(k) Cooperation in education, focusing on energy security in the context of technical, economic, environmental, policy and legal aspects of energy, including development of mutually beneficial academic programmes and courses, exchange of academic staff and research assistants for main purposes of teaching, exchange of students for study and research, together with, exchange of documentation, pedagogical information and research material.

ARTICLE 281

str. 171A regular dialogue may take place on the issues covered by this Chapter.

CHAPTER 3 Environment

ARTICLE 282

str. 171The Parties shall develop and strengthen their cooperation on environmental issues, thereby contributing to the long-term objective of sustainable development and greening the economy. It is expected that enhanced environment protection will bring benefits to citizens and businesses in Georgia and in the UK, including through improved public health, preserved natural resources, increased economic and environmental efficiency, as well as use of modern, cleaner technologies contributing to more sustainable production patterns. Cooperation shall be conducted considering the interests of the Parties on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, as well as taking into account the interdependence existing between the Parties in the field of environment protection, and multilateral agreements in the field.

ARTICLE 283

str. 1711. Cooperation shall aim at preserving, protecting, improving and rehabilitating the quality of the environment, protecting human health, sustainable utilisation of natural resources and promoting measures at international level to deal with regional or global environmental problems, including in the areas of:
2.

str. 172(a) environmental governance and horizontal issues, including strategic planning, environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment, education and training, monitoring and environmental information systems, inspection and enforcement, environmental liability, combating environmental crime, regional cooperation, public access to environmental information, decision-making processes and effective administrative and judicial review procedures;

- (b) air quality;
- (c) water quality and resource management, including flood risk management, water scarcity and droughts as well as marine environment;
- (d) waste management;
- (e) nature protection, including forestry and conservation of biological diversity;
- (f) industrial pollution and industrial hazards; and
- (g) chemicals management. 2. Cooperation shall also aim at integrating environment into policy areas other than environment policy.

ARTICLE 284

str. 172The Parties shall, inter alia, exchange information and expertise; cooperate at bilateral, regional and international levels, especially with regard to multilateral environment agreements ratified by the Parties, and cooperate in the framework of relevant agencies, as appropriate.

ARTICLE 285

str. 172The cooperation shall cover, inter alia , the following objective:

- (a) the promotion of integration of the environment into other policy areas; and
- (b) the identification of the necessary human and financial resources.

ARTICLE 286

str. 172A regular dialogue may take place on the issues covered by this Chapter.

CHAPTER 4

Climate action

ARTICLE 287

str. 172The Parties shall develop and strengthen their cooperation to combat climate change. Cooperation shall be conducted considering the interests of the Parties on the basis of equality and mutual benefit and taking into account the inter­ dependence existing between bilateral and multilateral commitments in this area.

ARTICLE 288

str. 172Cooperation shall aim at mitigating and adapting to climate change, as well as promoting measures at international level, including in the areas of:

- (a) mitigation of climate change;
- (b) adaptation to climate change;
- (c) carbon trading;

(d) research, development, demonstration, deployment and diffusion of safe and sustainable low carbon and adaptation technologies.

ARTICLE 289

str. 173The Parties shall, inter alia , exchange information and expertise; implement joint research activities and exchange of information on cleaner technologies; implement joint activities, including with regard to multilateral environment agreements ratified by the Parties and joint activities in the framework of relevant agencies as appropriate. The Parties shall pay special attention to regional cooperation.

ARTICLE 290

str. 173Based on mutual interests, the cooperation may cover, inter alia, the development and implementation of:

- (a) nationally appropriate mitigation actions;
- (b) measures to promote technology transfer on the basis of Nationally Determined Contributions;

(c) measures related to ozone-depleting substances and fluorinated greenhouse gases.

ARTICLE 291

str. 173A regular dialogue may take place on the issues covered by this Chapter.

CHAPTER 5

Industrial and enterprise policy, innovation and mining

ARTICLE 292

str. 173The Parties shall develop and strengthen their cooperation on innovation, industrial and enterprise policy, thereby improving the business environment for all economic operators, but with particular emphasis on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as they are defined in UK and Georgian legislation respectively. Enhanced cooperation should improve the administrative and regulatory framework for both UK and Georgian businesses operating in the UK and Georgia, taking into account internationally recognised principles and practices in this field.

ARTICLE 293

str. 173To these ends, the Parties shall cooperate in order to:

- (a) implement policies for SME development. This cooperation will also include a focus on startup and craft enterprises, which are extremely important for both the UK and Georgian economies;
- (b) create better framework conditions, via the exchange of information and good practices, thereby contributing to improving competitiveness. This cooperation will include the management of structural issues (restructuring) such as environment and energy;
- (c) simplify and rationalise regulations and regulatory practice, with specific focus on exchange of good practices on regulatory techniques;
-

str. 174(d) encourage the development of innovation policy, via the exchange of information and good practices regarding the commercialisation of research and development (including support instruments for technology-based business startups, cluster development and access to finance);
- (e) encourage greater contacts between UK and Georgian businesses and between these businesses and the authorities in the UK and Georgia;
- (f) encourage export promotion activities between the UK and Georgia;
- (g) facilitate the modernisation and restructuring of the UK and Georgian industry in sectors, where appropriate;
- (h) develop and strengthen the cooperation in the area of mining industries, and production of raw materials, with the objectives of promoting mutual understanding, improvement of the business environment, and information exchange and cooperation in the area of non-energy mining, in particular metallic ores and industrial minerals. The exchange of information will cover developments in mining

and raw materials sector, trade in raw materials, best practices in relation to sustainable development of mining industries as well as training, skills and health and safety.

ARTICLE 294

str. 174A regular dialogue may take place on the issues covered by this Chapter. This will also involve representatives of UK and Georgian businesses.

CHAPTER 6

Company law, accounting and auditing and corporate governance

ARTICLE 295

str. 1741. Recognising the importance of an effective set of rules and practices in the areas of company law and corporate governance, as well as in accounting and auditing, for creating a fully-functioning market economy and for fostering trade, the Parties agree to cooperate in relation to:
- a) protecting shareholders, creditors and other stakeholders;
- b) using relevant international standards at national level, and developing appropriate domestic systems, in the field of accounting and auditing;
- c) further developing corporate governance policy in line with international standards, in particular the OECD Principles on Corporate Governance.

ARTICLE 296

str. 175The Parties will aim at sharing information and expertise on both existing systems and relevant new developments in these areas. In addition, the Parties will seek to ensure effective information exchange between business registers of the UK and the national register of companies of Georgia.

ARTICLE 297

str. 175A regular dialogue may take place on the issues covered by this Chapter.

CHAPTER 7

Financial services

ARTICLE 298

str. 175Recognising the relevance of an effective set of rules and practices in the areas of financial services to establish a fully- functioning market economy and in order to foster trade exchanges among both Parties, the Parties agree to cooperate in the area of financial services in line with the following objectives:

(a) supporting the process of adapting financial services regulation to the needs of an open market economy;

(b) ensuring effective and adequate protection of investors and other consumers of financial services;

(c) ensuring the stability and integrity of the Georgian financial system in its entirety;

(d) promoting cooperation between different actors of the financial system, including regulators and supervisors; and

(e) ensuring independent and effective supervision.

ARTICLE 299

str. 1751. The Parties shall encourage cooperation between relevant regulatory and supervisory authorities, including information exchange, sharing of expertise on financial markets and other such measures. 2. Special attention shall be paid to the development of administrative capacity of such authorities, including through personnel exchange and joint training.

ARTICLE 300

str. 175A regular dialogue may take place on the issues covered by this Chapter.

ARTICLE 301

str. 175The parties shall promote gradual approximation to recognized international standards on regulation and supervision in the area of financial services.

CHAPTER 8 Cooperation in the field of information society

ARTICLE 302

str. 176The Parties shall promote cooperation on the development of the Information Society to benefit citizens and businesses through the widespread availability of information and communication technologies (ICT) and through better quality of services at affordable prices. This cooperation should aim at facilitating access to electronic communications markets, encourage competition and investment in the sector.

ARTICLE 303

str. 176Cooperation will cover, inter alia , the following subjects:

(a) exchange of information and best practices on the implementation of national information society initiatives, including, inter alia , those aiming at promoting broadband access, safe internet, improving network security and developing public online services, new technologies and ICT innovations; and

(b) exchange of information, best practices and experience to promote the development of a comprehensive policy and regulatory framework for electronic communications, and in particular strengthen the institutional capacity of the national independent regulator and foster a better use of spectrum resources.

ARTICLE 304

str. 176The Parties shall promote cooperation between the national administrations and regulatory authorities in the field of electronic communications of Georgia and the UK.

CHAPTER 9 Tourism

ARTICLE 305

str. 176The Parties shall cooperate in the field of tourism, with the aim of strengthening the development of a competitive and sustainable tourism industry as a generator of economic growth and empowerment, employment and international exchange.

ARTICLE 306

str. 176Cooperation at bilateral level shall be based on the following principles:

- (a) respect for the integrity and interests of local communities, particularly in rural areas, bearing in mind local development needs and priorities;
- (b) the importance of cultural and natural heritage; and
- (c) positive interaction between tourism and environmental preservation.

ARTICLE 307

str. 177The cooperation shall focus on the following topics:

- (a) exchange of information, best practices, experience and 'know-how';
- (b) maintenance of partnership between public, private and community interests in order to ensure the sustainable development of tourism, including ecotourism;
- (c) promotion and development of tourism flows, products and markets, infrastructure, human resources and institutional structures;
- (d) development and implementation of efficient policies;
- (e) tourism training and capacity building in order to improve service standards; and
- (f) development and promotion of, inter alia, community-based tourism.

ARTICLE 308

str. 177A regular dialogue may take place on the issues covered by this Chapter.

CHAPTER 10 Agriculture and rural development

ARTICLE 309

str. 177The Parties shall cooperate to promote agricultural and rural development.

ARTICLE 310

str. 177Cooperation between the Parties in the field of agriculture and rural development shall cover, inter alia, the following areas:

(a) facilitating the mutual understanding of agricultural and rural development policies;

- (b) promoting the modernisation and the sustainability of agricultural production;
- (c) sharing knowledge and best practices of rural development policies to promote economic well-being for rural communities;
- (d) improving the competitiveness of the agricultural sector and the efficiency and transparency for all stakeholders in the markets;
- (e) promoting quality policies and their control mechanisms, including geographical indications and organic farming;
- (f) wine production and agro tourism;
- (g) disseminating knowledge and promoting extension services to agricultural producers; and
- (h) striving for the harmonisation of issues dealt within the framework of international organisations of which both Parties are members.

ARTICLE 311

str. 177A regular dialogue may take place on the issues covered by this Chapter.

Fisheries and maritime governance

Section 1

ARTICLE 312

str. 178The Parties shall cooperate on the following mutually beneficial areas of common interest in the fisheries sector, including conservation and management of living aquatic resources, inspection and control, data collection, and the fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing as defined in the FAO International Plan of Action (IPOA) of 2001 to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. 2. That cooperation will respect the international obligations of the Parties concerning management and conservation of living aquatic resources.

ARTICLE 313

str. 178The Parties shall take joint actions, exchange information and provide support to each other in order to promote:

- (a) good governance and best practices in fisheries management with a view to ensuring conservation and management of fish stocks in a sustainable manner, and based on the principle of ecosystem approach;
- (b) responsible fishing and fisheries management consistent with the principles of sustainable development, so as to conserve fish stocks and ecosystems in a healthy state, and regional cooperation, including through Regional Fisheries Management Organisations, as appropriate.

ARTICLE 314

str. 179The Parties will support initiatives, such as mutual exchange of experience and providing support, in order to ensure the implementation of a policy ensuring sustainable fisheries, based on priority areas of interest for the Parties in this field, including:

- (a) management of living aquatic resources, fishing effort and technical measures;
- (b) inspection and control of fishing activities, using the necessary surveillance equipment, including electronic monitoring devices and traceability tools, as well as ensuring enforceable legislation and control mechanisms;
- (c) collection of compatible catch, landing, fleet, biological and economic data;
- (d) management of fishing capacity, including a functioning fishing fleet register;
- (e) market efficiency, in particular by promoting producer organisations, providing information to consumers and through marketing standards and traceability; and
- (f) development of a structural policy for the fisheries sector providing sustainability in economic, environment and social terms.

Section 2

ARTICLE 315

str. 179Taking into account their cooperation in the spheres of fisheries, sea-related transport, environment and other policies, and in accordance with the relevant international agreements on the law of the sea based on the United Nations

Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Parties shall also develop cooperation on an integrated maritime policy, in particular:

- (a) promoting an integrated approach to maritime affairs, good governance and exchange of best practices in the use of the marine space;
- (b) promoting maritime spatial planning as a tool contributing to improved decision-making for arbitrating between competing human activities, in line with the ecosystem approach;
- (c) promoting integrated coastal zone management, in line with the ecosystem approach, to ensure sustainable coastal development and to enhance the resilience of coastal regions to coastal risks including the impacts of climate change;
- (d) promoting innovation and resource efficiency in maritime industries as a generator of economic growth and employment, including through the exchange of best practices;
- (e) promoting strategic alliances between maritime industries, services and scientific institutions specialising in marine and maritime research;
- (f) endeavouring to enhance cross-border and cross-sectoral maritime surveillance in order to address the increasing risks related to intensive maritime traffic, operational discharges of vessels, maritime accidents and illegal activities at sea; and
- (g) establishing a regular dialogue and promoting different networks between maritime stakeholders.

ARTICLE 316

str. 180This cooperation shall include:

- (a) exchange of information, best practices, experience and maritime 'know-how' transfer, including on innovative technologies in maritime sectors and on marine environment issues;
- (b) exchange of information and best practices on financing options for projects, including public-private partnerships;
- (c) enhancing cooperation between the Parties in the relevant international maritime fora; and
- (d) building closer cooperation by sharing of information relevant to the maintenance of maritime security. Cooperation in RTD may cover:

- (a) policy dialogue and the exchange of scientific and technological information;
- (b) facilitating adequate access to the respective programmes of the Parties;
- (c) the promotion of joint projects for research in all areas of RTD;
- (d) training activities and mobility programmes for scientists researchers and other research staff engaged in RTD activities of the Parties in line with national legislation;
- (e) other forms of cooperation in RTD on the basis of mutual agreement.

CHAPTER 13 Consumer policy

ARTICLE 320

str. 180The Parties shall cooperate in order to ensure a high level of consumer protection.

ARTICLE 321

str. 180In order to achieve these objectives the cooperation may comprise, when appropriate:

- (a) aiming at avoiding barriers to trade;

ARTICLE 317

str. 180A regular dialogue between the Parties may take place on the issues covered by this Chapter.

CHAPTER 12

Cooperation in research, technological development and demonstration

ARTICLE 318

str. 180The Parties may promote cooperation in all areas of civil scientific research and technological development and demon­ stration (RTD) on the basis of mutual benefit and subject to appropriate and effective levels of protection of intellectual property rights.

ARTICLE 319

str. 181(b) promoting exchange of information on consumer protection systems, including consumer legislation and its enforcement, consumer product safety, information exchange systems, consumer education/awareness and empowerment, and consumer redress;

(c) training activities for administration officials and other consumer interest representatives,

(d) facilitating the activity of independent consumer associations and contacts between consumer representatives

CHAPTER 14

Employment, social policy and equal opportunities

ARTICLE 322

str. 181The Parties shall strengthen their dialogue and cooperation on promoting the Decent Work Agenda, employment policy, health and safety at work, social dialogue, social protection, social inclusion, gender equality and anti-discrimination, and corporate social responsibility and thereby contribute to the promotion of more and better jobs, poverty reduction, enhanced social cohesion, sustainable development and improved quality of life.

ARTICLE 323

str. 182Cooperation, based on exchange of information and best practices, may cover a selected number of issues to be identified among the following areas:

- (a) poverty reduction and the enhancement of social cohesion;
- (b) employment policy, aiming at more and better jobs with decent working conditions, including with a view to reduce the informal economy and informal employment;

(c) promoting active labour market measures and efficient employment services, as appropriate, to modernise the labour markets and to adapt to labour market needs of the Parties;

(d) fostering more inclusive labour markets and social safety systems that integrate disadvantaged people, including people with disabilities and people from minority groups;

(e) equal opportunities and anti-discrimination, aiming at enhancing gender equality and ensuring equal opportunities between men and women, as well as combating discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief,

disability, age or sexual orientation;

- (f) social policy, aiming at enhancing the level of social protection and the social protection systems, in terms of quality, accessibility and financial sustainability;
- (g) enhancing the participation of social partners and promoting social dialogue, including through strengthening the capacity of all relevant stakeholders;
- (h) promoting health and safety at work; and
- (i) awareness and dialogue in the field of corporate social responsibility.

ARTICLE 324

str. 182The Parties shall encourage the involvement of all relevant stakeholders, including civil society organisations and in particular social partners, in policy development and reforms and in the cooperation between the Parties as provided for in the relevant part of Title VIII (Institutional, General and Final Provisions) of this Agreement.

ARTICLE 325

str. 182The Parties shall aim at enhancing cooperation on employment and social policy matters in all relevant regional, multilateral and international fora and organisations.

ARTICLE 326

str. 182The Parties shall promote corporate social responsibility and accountability and encourage responsible business practices, such as those promoted by a number of international corporate social responsibility guidelines and especially the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises.

ARTICLE 327

str. 182A regular dialogue may take place on the issues covered by this Chapter.

CHAPTER 15 Public health

ARTICLE 328

str. 182The Parties agree to develop their cooperation in the field of public health, with a view to raising the level of public health safety and protection of human health as an essential component of sustainable development and economic growth.

ARTICLE 329

str. 183The cooperation shall cover the following areas, in particular:

(a) strengthening of the public health system of Georgia, in particular through continuing health sector reform, ensuring high-quality healthcare, development of human resources for health, improving health governance and healthcare financing;

(b) epidemiological surveillance and control of communicable diseases, such as for example HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis and tuberculosis, as well as antimicrobial resistance, as well as increased preparedness for public health threats and emergencies;

(c) prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, mainly through exchange of information and best practices, promoting healthy lifestyles, physical activity and addressing major health determinants, such as nutrition, addiction to alcohol, drugs and tobacco;

- (d) quality and safety of substances of human origin;
- (e) health information and knowledge; and

(f) effective implementation of international health agreements to which the Parties are party.

CHAPTER 16

Education, training and youth

ARTICLE 330

str. 183The Parties shall cooperate in the field of education and training to intensify cooperation and dialogue, including dialogue on policy issues. The Parties shall cooperate to promote lifelong learning, encourage cooperation and transparency at all levels of education and training, with a special focus on higher education.

ARTICLE 331

str. 183This cooperation in the field of education and training shall focus, inter alia , on the following areas:

(a) promoting lifelong learning, which is a key to growth and jobs, and can allow citizens to participate fully in society;

(b) modernising education and training systems, including arts education, enhancing quality, relevance and access throughout the education ladder from early

childhood education and care to tertiary education;

- (c) promoting quality in higher education in a manner which is consistent with the Bologna Process;
- (d) reinforcing international academic cooperation ;
- (e) encouraging the learning of foreign languages;
- (f) promoting progress towards recognition of qualifications and competences and ensuring transparency in the area;
- (g) promoting cooperation in vocational education and training.

ARTICLE 332

str. 184The Parties agree to cooperate in the field of youth to:

- (a) reinforce cooperation and exchanges in the field of youth policy and nonformal education for young people and youth workers;
- (b) support young people's and youth workers' mobility as a means to promote intercultural dialogue and the acquisition of knowledge, skills and competences outside the formal educational systems, including through volunteering in line with national legislation;
- (c) promote cooperation between youth organisations.

CHAPTER 17 Cooperation in the cultural field

ARTICLE 333

str. 184The Parties will promote cultural cooperation taking duly into account the principles enshrined in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions of 2005. The Parties may seek a regular policy dialogue in areas of mutual interest, including the development of cultural industries in the UK and Georgia. Cooperation between the Parties will foster intercultural dialogue, including through the participation of the culture sector and civil society from the UK and Georgia.

ARTICLE 334

str. 184The Parties shall concentrate their cooperation in a number of fields in line with national legislation:

- (a) cultural cooperation and cultural exchanges;
- (b) mobility of art and artists and strengthening of the capacity of the cultural sector;
- (c) intercultural dialogue;
- (d) dialogue on cultural policy; and

(e) cooperation in international fora such as UNESCO and the Council of Europe, inter alia, in order to foster cultural diversity, and preserve and valorise cultural and historical heritage.

CHAPTER 18

Cooperation in the audiovisual and media fields

ARTICLE 335

str. 184The Parties will promote cooperation in the audio-visual field. Cooperation shall strengthen the audio-visual industries in the UK and Georgia in particular through training of professionals and exchange of information.

ARTICLE 336

str. 185The Parties may develop a regular dialogue in the field of audio-visual and media policies and cooperate to reinforce independence and professionalism of the media.in compliance with relevant European standards, including standards of the Council of Europe and the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions of 2005. 2. Cooperation could include, inter alia, the issue of the training of journalists and other media professionals.

ARTICLE 337

str. 185The Parties may concentrate their cooperation on a number of fields:

- (a) dialogue on audio-visual and media policies;

- (b) dialogue in international fora (such as UNESCO and the WTO); and
- (c) audio-visual and media cooperation including cooperation in the field of cinema.

ARTICLE 338

str. 185The Parties will facilitate cooperation between national regulatory authorities in the field of broadcasting of Georgia and the UK.

CHAPTER 19

Cooperation in the field of sport and physical activity

ARTICLE 339

str. 185The Parties shall promote cooperation in the field of sport and physical activity through the exchange of information and good practices in order to promote a healthy lifestyle and the social and educational values of sport, mobility in sport and in order to fight global threats to sport such as doping, racism and violence.

CHAPTER 20

Civil society cooperation

ARTICLE 340

str. 185The Parties may enhance a dialogue on civil society cooperation, with the following objectives:

- (a) to strengthen contacts and exchange of information and experience between all sectors of civil society in the UK and in Georgia;
- (b) to ensure a better knowledge and understanding of each other's policies and values, as well as history and culture in their respective countries and in particular among civil society organisations based in the parties territories, thus allowing for a better awareness of opportunities and challenges for future relations.

ARTICLE 341

str. 185The Parties shall promote dialogue and cooperation between civil society stakeholders from both sides as an integral part of the relations between the UK and Georgia.

str. 186The aims of such a dialogue and such cooperation are:

- (a) to ensure involvement of civil society in UK-Georgia relations, in particular in the implementation of the provisions of this Agreement;

- (b) to enhance civil society participation in the public decision-making process, particularly by maintaining an open, transparent and regular dialogue between the public institutions and representative associations and civil society;
- (c) to facilitate an enabling environment for institution-building and development of civil society organisations in various ways, including inter alia advocacy support, informal and formal networking, mutual visits and workshops enabling legal framework for civil society, and
- (d) to enable civil society representatives from each side to become acquainted with the processes of consultation and dialogue between civil society, including social partners, and public authorities in particular with a view to strengthen civil society in the public policy-making process.

ARTICLE 342

str. 186A regular dialogue may take place between the Parties on the issues covered by this Chapter.

CHAPTER 21 Regional development and regional level cooperation

ARTICLE 343

str. 186The Parties shall promote mutual understanding, and bilateral cooperation in the field of regional and local development policy, with the objective of establishing channels of communication and enhancing exchange of information and experience between national and local authorities, socio-economic actors and civil society, including promoting regional economic and business networks and supportive institutions.

ARTICLE 344

str. 186The Parties shall, intensify cooperation between their regions, as well as between local level authorities and to promote their economic and institutional development by implementing projects of common interest.

CHAPTER 22

Civil protection

ARTICLE 345

str. 186The Parties shall develop and strengthen their cooperation on natural and man-made disasters. Cooperation shall be conducted considering the interests of the Parties on

the basis of equality and mutual benefit, as well as taking into account the interdependence existing between the Parties and multilateral activities in the field.

ARTICLE 346

str. 187Cooperation shall aim at improving the prevention of, preparation for and response to natural and man-made disasters.

ARTICLE 347

str. 187The Parties shall, inter alia , exchange information and expertise and implement joint activities on bilateral basis and/or within the framework of multilateral programmes. Cooperation can take place, inter alia , through the implementation of specific agreements and/or administrative arrangements in this field concluded between the Parties.

ARTICLE 348

str. 187The cooperation may cover the following objectives:

- (a) to exchange and regularly update contact details in order to ensure continuity of dialogue and in order to be able to contact each other on a 24-hour basis;
- (b) facilitating mutual assistance in case of major emergencies, as appropriate and subject to the availability of sufficient resources;
- (c) exchanging early warnings, including requests for and offers of assistance;
- (d) exchanging information on the provision of assistance by the Parties to third countries for emergencies;
- (e) cooperating on Host Nation Support when requesting/providing assistance;
- (f) exchange of best practices and guidelines in the field of disaster prevention, preparedness and response;
- (g) cooperating on Disaster Risk Reduction by addressing, inter alia , institutional linkages and advocacy; information, education and communication; and best practices aiming at preventing or mitigating the impact of natural hazards;
- (h) cooperating on improving the knowledge base on disasters and on hazard and risk assessment for disaster management;
- (i) cooperating on the assessment of the environmental and public health impact of disasters;

- (j) inviting experts to specific technical workshops and symposia on civil protection issues;
- (k) inviting, on a case-by-case basis, observers to specific exercises and trainings organised by the UK and/or Georgia; and
- (l) strengthening cooperation on the most effective use of available civil protection capabilities.

Financial

str. 188assistance, and anti-fraud and control provisions

CHAPTER 1

Financial assistance

ARTICLE 349

str. 1881. Georgia may benefit from financial assistance to contribute to achieving the objectives of this Agreement, if agreed by both Parties. Any financial assistance will be provided in accordance with the following Articles of this Agreement. 2. Financial assistance covers a range of forms of such assistance and means by which it may occur, including assistance provided through multilateral and regional organisations.

ARTICLE 350

str. 188In order to make the best use of the resources available, the Parties shall endeavour to implement any assistance in close cooperation and coordination with other donor countries, donor organisations and international financial institutions, and in line with international principles of aid effectiveness.

ARTICLE 351

str. 188The Parties shall implement any assistance in accordance with the principles of sound financial management and shall cooperate in protecting the financial interests of the UK and of Georgia. The Parties shall take effective measures to prevent and fight fraud, corruption and any other illegal activities, inter alia by means of mutual administrative assistance and mutual legal assistance in the fields covered by this Agreement.

CHAPTER 1

Institutional framework

ARTICLE 352

str. 188The Parties shall hold a regular Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum, currently titled as the Wardrop Strategic Dialogue, in the configuration, and at the level and frequency agreed by mutual consent.

Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum

ARTICLE 353

str. 1881. The Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum established by Article 352 shall supervise and monitor the application and implementation of this Agreement and periodically review the functioning of this Agreement in the light of its objectives. 2.

str. 189In addition to supervising and monitoring the application and implementation of this Agreement, the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum shall examine any major issues arising within the framework of this Agreement, and any other bilateral or international issues of mutual interest.

ARTICLE 354

str. 1891. The Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum shall consist of the representatives of the Parties, at the level agreed by the Parties. 2. The Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum shall establish its own rules of procedure, and shall adopt any decisions by consensus. 3. Notwithstanding Article 352, the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum shall meet in a specific configuration to address all issues related to Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement. The Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum shall meet in that configuration at least once a year. The Parties may establish specific rules of procedure for the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in this configuration. 4. The sub-committees established under Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement shall inform the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in Trade configuration, as set out in paragraph 3, of the date and agenda of their meetings sufficiently in advance of their meetings. They shall report on their activities at each regular meeting of the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum

in Trade configuration. 5. The existence of any sub-committees established under Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) shall not prevent either Party from bringing any matter directly to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum, including in its Trade configuration, as set out in paragraph 3. 6. Nothing in this Agreement shall restrict cooperation between the UK Parliament and the Parliament of Georgia. 7. Upon entry into force of this Agreement, any decisions adopted by the Association Council, Association Committee or any other Committees or subcommittees established by the EU-Georgia Agreement before the EU-Georgia Agreement ceased to apply to the United Kingdom shall, to the extent those decisions relate to the Parties to this Agreement, be deemed to have been adopted, mutatis mutandis and subject to the provisions of this Agreement, by the equivalent body, or sub-committee in this Agreement. 8. The Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum shall be chaired in turn by a representative of the UK and a representative of Georgia, unless otherwise agreed by the Parties.

ARTICLE 355

str. 1901. For the purpose of attaining the objectives of this Agreement, the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum by agreement between the Parties shall have the power to take decisions within the scope of this Agreement, including in its Trade configuration as set out in Article 354(3). The decisions shall be binding upon the Parties, which shall take appropriate measures, including if necessary action by bodies established under this Agreement, in line with provisions of this Agreement to implement the decisions taken. The Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum may also make recommendations. 2. In accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article, the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum shall have the power to update or amend the Annexes to this Agreement, without prejudice to any specific provisions under Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement. Where the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum has agreed to update or amend an Annex to this Agreement, such updates or amendments that are subject to the fulfilment of each Party's domestic legal requirements shall enter into force in accordance with those domestic legal requirements, or, in other cases, in accordance with the decision of the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum.

CHAPTER 2

General and final provisions

ARTICLE 356

Access to courts and administrative organs

str. 191Within the scope of this Agreement, the Parties undertake to ensure that natural and legal persons of the other Party have access free of discrimination in relation to its own nationals to the competent courts and administrative organs of the Parties to defend their individual rights, including property rights.

ARTICLE 357

Security exceptions

str. 191Nothing in this Agreement shall prevent a Party from taking any measures:

(a) which it considers necessary to prevent the disclosure of information contrary to its essential security interests;

(b) which relate to the production of, or trade in, arms, munitions or war matèriel or to research, development or production indispensable for defence purposes, provided that such measures do not impair the conditions of competition in respect of products not intended for specifically military purposes;

(c) which it considers essential to its own security, in the event of serious internal disturbances affecting the maintenance of law and order, in time of war or serious international tension constituting threat of war, or in order to carry out obligations it has accepted for the purpose of maintaining peace and international security.

ARTICLE 358

Non-discrimination

str. 1911. In the fields covered by this Agreement and without prejudice to any special provisions contained therein:

- (a) the arrangements applied by Georgia in respect of the UK shall not give rise to any discrimination between nationals, companies or firms of the UK;
- (b) the arrangements applied by the UK in respect of Georgia shall not give rise to any discrimination between nationals, companies or firms of Georgia. 2. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall be without prejudice to the right of the Parties to apply the relevant provisions of their fiscal legislation to taxpayers who

are not in identical situations as regards their place of residence.

ARTICLE 359

Fulfilment of obligations

str. 1911. The Parties shall take any general or specific measures required to fulfil their obligations under this Agreement. They shall ensure that the objectives set out in this Agreement are attained. 2. The Parties agree to consult promptly through appropriate channels at the request of either Party, to discuss any matter concerning the interpretation, implementation or the application in good faith of this Agreement and other relevant aspects of the relations between the Parties. 3. The Parties shall refer to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum any dispute related to the interpretation, implementation or the application in good faith of this Agreement in accordance with Article 360. The Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum may settle a dispute by means of a binding decision.

ARTICLE 360

Dispute settlement

str. 1921. When a dispute arises between the Parties concerning the interpretation, implementation or the application in good faith of this Agreement, any Party shall submit to the other Party and the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum a formal request that the matter in dispute be resolved. By way of derogation, disputes concerning the interpretation, implementation or the application in good faith of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement shall be governed exclusively by Chapter 14 (Dispute Settlement) of that Title. 2. The Parties shall endeavour to resolve the dispute by entering into good faith consultations within the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum created in Article 352 of this Agreement, with the aim of reaching a mutually acceptable solution in the shortest time possible. 3. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 352 if a Party makes a formal request that a dispute be resolved, the Parties shall meet in the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum within 1 month of that request being made. Without prejudice to other configurations of the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum, the Parties shall provide the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum in this configuration with all information required for a thorough examination of the situation. 4.

str. 193Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 352, as long as a dispute is not

resolved, the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum shall meet at regular intervals to discuss the dispute. A dispute shall be deemed to be resolved when the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum has taken a binding decision to settle the matter as provided for in paragraph 3 of Article 359 of this Agreement, or when it has declared that the dispute is at an end. 5. All information disclosed during the dispute shall remain confidential.

ARTICLE 361

Appropriate measures in case of non-fulfilment of obligations

str. 1931. A Party may take appropriate measures, if the matter is not resolved within three months of the date of notification of a formal request for dispute settlement in accordance with Article 360 of this Agreement and if the complaining Party continues to consider that the other Party has failed to fulfil an obligation under this Agreement. The requirement for a three month consultation period may be waived by mutual agreement of the Parties and shall not apply to exceptional cases set out in paragraph 3 of this Article. 2. In the selection of appropriate measures, priority shall be given to those which least disturb the functioning of this Agreement. Except in cases described in paragraph 3 of this Article, such measures may not include the suspension of any rights or obligations provided for under provisions of this Agreement set out in Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters). The measures taken under paragraph 1 of this Article shall be notified immediately to the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum and shall be the subject of consultations in accordance with Article 359(2) of this Agreement, and of dispute settlement in accordance with Article 359(3) and Article 360 of this Agreement. 3. The exceptions referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article shall concern:
4. (a) denunciation of this Agreement not sanctioned by the general rules of international law, or
5.

str. 194(b) violation by the other Party of any of the essential elements of this Agreement, referred to in Article 2 of Title I (General Principles) of this Agreement.

ARTICLE 362

Amendments

str. 194Without prejudice to Article 355(2) or any specific provision under Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement, the Parties may agree, in writing, to amend this Agreement. An amendment shall enter into force on the date of receipt of the later of the Parties' notifications that they have completed their internal

procedures, or on such date as the Parties may agree.

ARTICLE 363

Annexes and Protocols

ARTICLE 364

Duration

str. 1941. This Agreement is concluded for an unlimited period. 2. Either Party may denounce this Agreement by notifying the other Party. Subject to Article 366(7), this Agreement shall terminate six months from the date of receipt of such notification.

ARTICLE 365

Territorial application

str. 1941. This Agreement shall apply, to the extent that and under the conditions which the EU-Georgia Agreement applied immediately before it ceased to apply to the United Kingdom, on the one hand, to the United Kingdom and the following territories for whose international relations it is responsible: (a) Gibraltar; (b) the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man and, on the other hand, to the territory of Georgia. 2. The application of this Agreement, or of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) thereof, in relation to Georgia's regions of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali region/South Ossetia over which the Government of Georgia does not exercise effective control, shall commence once Georgia ensures the full implementation and enforcement of this Agreement, or of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) thereof, respectively, on its entire territory. 3.

str. 195The Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum shall adopt a decision on when the full implementation and enforcement of this Agreement, or of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) thereof, on the entire territory of Georgia, is ensured. 4. Should a Party consider that the full implementation and enforcement of this Agreement, or of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) thereof, respectively, is no longer ensured in the regions of Georgia referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article,

that Party may request the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum to reconsider the continued application of this Agreement, or of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) thereof, respectively, in relation to the regions concerned. The Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum shall examine the situation and adopt a decision on the continued application of this Agreement, or of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) thereof, respectively, within three months of the request. If the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum does not adopt a decision within three months of the request, the application of this Agreement, or of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) thereof, respectively, shall be suspended in relation to the regions concerned until the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum adopts a decision. 5. Decisions of Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Forum under this Article on the application of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement shall cover the entirety of that Title and cannot only cover parts of that title.

ARTICLE 366

Entry into force and provisional application

str. 1951. This Agreement shall be ratified or approved in accordance with each of the Parties' own internal procedures. Each Party shall notify the other Party of the completion of those procedures. 2. This Agreement shall enter into force on the later of:
3. (a) the date on which the EU-Georgia Agreement ceases to apply to the United Kingdom, or
4. (b) The date of receipt of the later of the Parties' notifications that they have completed their internal procedures. 3.

str. 196Pending entry into force of this Agreement, the Parties may agree to provisionally apply this Agreement in accordance with each of the Parties' own internal legislation and procedures. 4. Where agreed pursuant to Article 366(3), this Agreement shall be applied provisionally between the Parties on the later of:
7. (a) the date on which the EU-Georgia Agreement ceases to apply to the United Kingdom, or
8. (b) the date of receipt of the later of the notification of provisional application from the United Kingdom or of the ratification or provisional application from Georgia. 5. Notifications regarding completion of internal procedures under paragraphs 1 and 3 of this Article shall be submitted by the United Kingdom to Georgia's Ministry

- of Foreign Affairs or its successor and by Georgia to the United Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office or its successor. 6. If pending the entry into force of this Agreement it is provisionally applied pursuant to paragraphs 3 and 4, unless this instrument provides otherwise, all references in this Agreement to the date of entry into force shall be deemed to refer to the date such provisional application takes effect, to the extent permitted by national legislation. 7. Either Party may give written notification to the other Party of its intention to terminate the provisional application of this Agreement. Notwithstanding Article 364(2), termination of provisional application shall take effect two months after receipt of the notification by the other Party.

ARTICLE 367

Reference to EU Law

str. 1961. Except as otherwise provided, reference in this Agreement to EU law are to be read as reference to that EU law in force as incorporated or implemented in United Kingdom law as retained EU law on the day after the UK ceases to be bound by the relevant EU law. 2. In this Article 'United Kingdom law' includes the law of the territories for whose international relations in the United Kingdom is responsible to whom this Agreement extends, as set out in Paragraph 1 of Article 365.

Authentic texts

ANNEX I

FREEDOM, SECURITY AND JUSTICE

str. 197The Parties shall, in the context of the implementation of this or other Agreements, ensure a legal level of data protection which at least corresponds to that set out in the Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Automatic Processing of Personal Data, signed on 28 January 1981 (ETS No 108) and its Additional Protocol, regarding Supervisory Authorities and Transborder Data Flows, signed on 8 November 2001 (ETS No 181). Where relevant, the Parties shall take into account Recommendation No. R (87) 15 of September 1987 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe Regulating the Use of Personal Data in the Police Sector .

ANNEX II-A

PRODUCTS SUBJECT TO ANNUAL DUTY-FREE TARIFF-RATE QUOTAS

ANNEX II-B

PRODUCTS SUBJECT TO ENTRY PRICE ( 1 )

ANNEX II-C

PRODUCTS SUBJECT TO ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION MECHANISM (United Kingdom)

Measures applicable to main live animal categories

str. 226I. Equidae (including zebras) or asinine species or the offspring of crossing of those species II. Bovine animals (including Bubalus bubalis and Bison ) III. Ovine and caprine animals IV. Porcine animals V. Poultry (including fowl, turkeys, guinea fowl, ducks, geese) VI. Live fish VII. Crustaceans VIII. Molluscs IX. Eggs and gametes of live fish X. Hatching eggs XI. Semen, ova, embryos XII. Other mammals XIII. Other birds XIV. Reptiles XV. Amphibians XVI. Other vertebrates XVII. Bees

Measures applicable to animal products

str. 226- I. Main product categories of animal products for human consumption

1. Fresh meat of domestic ungulates, poultry and lagomorphs, farm and wild game, including offal 2. Minced meat, meat preparations, mechanically separated meat (MSM), meat products 3. Live bivalve molluscs 4. Fishery products 5. Raw milk, colostrum, dairy products and colostrum-based products 6. Eggs and eggs products 7. Frogs' legs and snails 8. Rendered animal fats and greaves 9. Treated stomachs, bladders and intestines 10. Gelatine, raw material for the production of gelatine for human consumption 11. Collagen 12. Honey and apicultural products 226

II. Main product categories of animal by-products

Plants, plant products and other objects

str. 230Plants, plant products and other objects ( 1 ) which are potential carriers of pests that, by their nature or that of their processing, may create a risk for the introduction and spread of pests.

ANNEX III-B

ANIMAL WELFARE STANDARDS

str. 230Animal welfare standards concerning:

1. stunning and slaughter of animals;
2. transport of animals and related operations;
3. farming animals.

ANNEX III-C

OTHER MEASURES COVERED BY CHAPTER 4 OF TITLE IV

str. 2301. Chemicals originating from the migration of substances from packaging materials
2. Composite products
3. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
4. Growth promoting hormones, thyreostatics, certain hormones and B-agonists

ANNEX IV-A

ANIMAL AND

str. 231FISH DISEASES SUBJECT TO NOTIFICATION, FOR WHICH THE STATUS OF THE PARTIES IS RECOGNISED AND FOR WHICH REGIONALISATION DECISIONS MAY BE TAKEN

1. Foot-and-mouth disease
2. Swine vesicular disease
3. Vesicular stomatitis
4. African horse sickness
5. African swine fever
6. Bluetongue
7. Pathogenic Avian influenza
8. Newcastle disease (NCD)
9. Rinderpest
10. Classical swine fever
11. Contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia
12. Ovine rinderpest (peste des petits ruminants)
13. Sheep and goat pox
14. Rift Valley fever
15. Lumpy skin disease
16. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
17. Glanders
18. Dourine
19. Enterovirus encephalomyelitis
20. Infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN)
21. Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS)
22. Infectious Salmon Anaemia (ISA)
23. Bonamia ostreae
24. Marteilia refringens

ANNEX IV-B

RECOGNITION OF THE PEST STATUS AND PEST FREE AREAS

str. 231- A. Recognition of pest status

Each Party shall establish and communicate a list of regulated pests based on the following principles:

1. pests not known to occur within any part of its own territory;
2. pests known to occur within any part of its own territory and under official control;
3. pests known to occur within any part of its own territory, under official control and for which pest free areas are established. Any change to the list of pest status shall be immediately notified to the other Party unless otherwise notified to the relevant international organisation. - B. Recognition of pest free areas

The Parties recognise the concept of pest free areas and its application in respect of relevant International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs).

ANNEX V

REGIONALISATION/ZONING AND PEST-FREE AREAS

str. 231- A. Animal and aquaculture diseases
1. Animal diseases

The basis for recognition of the animal disease status of the territory or of a region of a Party shall be the Terrestrial Animal Health Code of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The basis for regionalisation decisions for an animal disease shall be the Terrestrial Animal Health Code of the OIE. 2. Aquaculture diseases

The basis for regionalisation decisions for aquaculture diseases shall be the Aquatic Animal Health Code of the OIE. - B. Pests

The criteria for the establishment of pest free areas for certain pests shall comply with the provisions of the FAO International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No 4 on Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas and the definitions of the relevant ISPMs. - C. Criteria for the recognition of the special status for animal diseases of the territory or a region of a Party
1.

str. 232Where the importing Party considers that its territory or part of its territory is free from an animal disease other than a disease listed in Annex IV-A to this Agreement, it shall present to the exporting Party appropriate supporting documentation, setting out in particular the following criteria:
3. -the nature of the disease and the history of its occurrence in its territory;
4. -the results of surveillance testing based on serological, microbiological, pathological or epidemiological inves­ tigation and on the fact that the disease must by law be notified to the competent authorities;
5. -the period over which the surveillance was carried out;
6. -where applicable, the period during which vaccination against the disease has been prohibited and the geographical area concerned by the prohibition;
7. -the arrangements for verifying the absence of the disease. 2. The additional guarantees, general or specific, which may be required by the importing Party, must not exceed those, which the importing Party implements nationally. 3. The Parties shall notify each other of any change in the criteria specified in paragraph 1 of point C of this Annex which relate to the disease. The additional guarantees defined in accordance with paragraph 2 of point C of this Annex may, in light of such notification, be amended or withdrawn by the SPS Sub-Committee.

ANNEX VI

PROVISIONAL APPROVAL OF ESTABLISHMENTS

str. 232Conditions and provisions for provisional approval of establishments

1. Provisional approval of establishments means that for the purpose of import the importing Party approves provisionally the establishments in the exporting Party on the basis of appropriate guarantees provided by that Party without prior inspection by the importing Party of the individual establishments in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 4 of this Annex. The procedure and conditions set out in paragraph 4 of this Annex shall be used for modifying or completing the lists provided for in paragraph 2 of this Annex to take account of new applications and guarantees received. Only as regards the initial list of establishments verification may be part of the procedure in accordance with the provisions of point (d) of paragraph 4. 2. The provisional approval shall initially be applied to the following categories of establishments:
3. 2.1. Establishments for products of animal origin for human consumption:
4. -slaughterhouses for fresh meat of domestic ungulates, poultry, lagomorphs and farm game (Annex III-A, Part 1);
5. -game handling establishments;
6. -cutting plants;
7. -establishments for minced meat, meat preparation, mechanically separated meat and meat products;
8. -purification centres and dispatching centres for live bivalve molluscs;
9. -establishments for:
10. -eggs products,
11. -dairy products,
12. -fishery products,
13. -treated stomachs, bladders and intestines,
14. -gelatine and collagen,
15. -fish oil,
16. -factory vessels,
17. -freezer vessels. 18. 2.2. Approved or registered establishments producing animal by-products and main categories of animal by-products not for human

str. 237these lists publicly available. 4. Conditions and procedures for provisional approval:
3. (a) if import of the animal product concerned from the exporting Party has been authorised by the importing Party and the relevant import conditions and certification requirements for the products concerned have been estab­ lished;
4. (b) if the competent authority of the exporting Party has provided the importing Party with satisfactory guarantees that the establishments appearing on its list or lists meet the relevant health requirements for the products processed of the importing Party and has officially approved the establishments appearing on the lists for exportation to the importing Party;

- (c) in the event of non-compliance with the said guarantees the competent authority of the exporting Party must have a real power to suspend the activities of exportation to the importing Party from an establishment for which that authority provided guarantees;
- (d) verification in accordance with the provisions of Article 60 of this Agreement by the importing Party may be part of the provisional approval procedure. That verification concerns the structure and the organisation of the competent authority responsible for the approval of the establishment as well as the powers available to that competent authority and the guarantees that it can provide with regard to the implementation of the importing Party's rules. That verification may include on the spot inspection of a certain representative number of establishments appearing on the list or lists provided by the exporting Party;
- (e) based on the results of the verification provided for in point (d) of this paragraph, the importing Party may amend the existing list of establishments. 1. Principles:
2. (a) equivalence can be determined for an individual measure, a group of measures or a system related to a certain commodity or a category of commodities or all of them;
3. (b) the examination by the importing Party of a request for recognition of equivalence of measures pertaining to a certain commodity of the exporting Party shall not be a reason to disrupt trade or suspend on-going imports from the exporting Party of the commodity in question;
4. (c) the process of recognition of equivalence is an interactive process between the exporting Party and the importing Party. The process consists of an objective demonstration of equivalence of individual measures by the exporting Party and an objective assessment of the equivalence with a view to the possible recognition of equivalence by the importing Party;
5. (d) the final recognition of equivalence of the relevant measures of the exporting Party rests solely with the importing Party. 2. Preconditions:
7. (a) the process depends on the health or pest status, the law and the effectiveness of the inspection and control system related to the commodity in the exporting Party. To this end the law in the sector concerned shall be taken into account, as well as the structure of the competent authority of the exporting Party, the command chain, the authority, the operational procedures and resources, and the effectiveness of the competent authorities as regards inspection and control systems, including the level of enforcement related to the commodity and the regularity and the rapidity of information flow to the importing Party in case of identified hazards. This recognition may be supported by documentation, verification and document, reports and information related to past experiences, assessments and verifications earlier documented;
8. (b) the Parties shall initiate the process of recognition of equivalence pursuant to Article 55 of this Agreement;
9. (c) the exporting Party shall initiate the process only when no safeguard measures imposed by the importing Party apply to the exporting Party as regards the commodity. 3. The process:
11. (a) the exporting Party initiates the process by submitting to the importing Party a request for recognition of equivalence of an individual measure or a group of measures or a system for a commodity or a category of commodities in a sector or sub-sector or all of them;
12. (b) when appropriate, this request includes also the request and the required documentation for approval by the importing Party on the basis of equivalence of any programme or plan of the exporting Party required by the importing Party regarding the measures or systems described in point (a) of this paragraph as a condition for allowing import of that commodity or a categories of commodities;
13. (c) with this request, the exporting Party:
14. (i) explains the importance for trade of that commodity or categories of commodities;
15. (ii) identifies the individual measure(s) with which it can comply from all the measures expressed in the import conditions of the importing Party applicable to that commodity or category of commodities;
16.

str. 239(iii) identifies the individual measure(s) for which it seeks equivalence out of the total of the measures expressed in the import conditions of the importing Party, applicable to that commodity or categories of commodities;

ANNEX VII

PROCESS OF RECOGNITION OF EQUIVALENCE

str. 239- (d) in reply to this request the importing Party explains the overall and individual objective and the rationale behind its measure(s), including the identification of the risk;
- (e) with this explanation, the importing Party informs the exporting Party on the relationship of its domestic measures and the import conditions for that commodity or categories of commodities;
- (f) the exporting Party objectively demonstrates to the importing Party that the measures that it has identified are equivalent to the import conditions for that commodity or category of commodities;
- (g) the importing Party objectively assesses the demonstration of equivalence by the exporting Party;
- (h) the importing Party concludes whether equivalence is achieved or not;
- (i) the importing Party provides to the exporting Party full explanation and supporting data for its determination and decision if so required by the exporting Party. 4. Demonstration of equivalence of measures by the exporting party and assessment of this demonstration by the importing Party:
- (a) the exporting Party shall objectively demonstrate equivalence for each of the identified measures of the importing Party expressed in its import conditions. When appropriate, equivalence shall objectively be demonstrated for any plan or program required by the importing Party as a condition to allow import (e.g. residue plan, etc. );
- (b) objective demonstration and assessment in this context should be based, as far as possible, on:
- (i) internationally recognised standards; and/or
- (ii) standards based on proper scientific evidence; and/or
- (iii) risk assessment; and/or
- (iv) documents, reports and information related to past experiences, assessments and/or
- (v) verifications; and
- (vi) legal status or level of administrative status of the measures; and
- (vii) level of implementation and enforcement on the basis of, in particular:
- -corresponding and relevant results of surveillance and monitoring programmes;
- -inspection results of the exporting Party;
- -results of analysis with recognised analysis methods;
- -verification and import check results by the importing Party;
- -the performance of the competent authorities of the exporting Party; and
- -earlier experiences. 5. Conclusion of the importing Party

The process may include an inspection or verification;

In case the importing Party arrives at a negative conclusion, it shall provide the exporting Party with a detailed and reasoned explanation. 6. For plants and plant products, equivalence concerning phytosanitary measures, shall be based on the conditions referred to in Article 55(5) of this Agreement.

ANNEX VIII

IMPORT CHECKS AND INSPECTION FEES

str. 239- A. Principles of import checks

Import checks consist of documentary checks, identity checks and physical checks. As regards animals and animal products, the physical checks and their frequency shall be based on the level of the 239

risk associated with such imports. In carrying out the checks for plant health purposes, the importing Party shall ensure that the plants, plant products and other objects shall be meticulously inspected on an official basis, either in their entirety or by inspecting a representative sample, in order to make sure that they are not contaminated by pests. In the event that the checks reveal non-conformity with the relevant standards and/or requirements, the importing Party shall take measures proportionate to the risk involved.

str. 240Wherever possible, the importer or his representative shall be given access to the consignment and the opportunity to provide any relevant information to assist the importing Party in taking a final decision concerning the consignment. Such decision shall be proportional to the level of the risk associated with such imports.

B.1. Import of animals and animal products from Georgia to the U n i t e d K i n g d o m and from the U n i t e d K i n g d o m to Georgia

A. Principles of certification

str. 248Plants and plant products and other objects:

In respect of certification of plants and plant products and other objects, the competent authorities shall apply the principles laid down in the relevant ISPMs. Animals and animal products:

1. The competent authorities of the Parties shall ensure that certifying officers have a satisfactory knowledge of the veterinary law as regards the animals or animal products to be certified and, in general, are informed about the rules to be followed for drawing up and issuing of the certificates and, if necessary, as to the nature and extent of the enquiries, tests or examinations which should be carried out before certification. 2. Certifying officers must not certify data of which they have no personal knowledge or which cannot be ascertained by them. 3. Certifying officers must not sign blank or incomplete certificates, or certificates relating to animals or animal products, which they have not inspected or which have passed out of their control. Where a certificate is signed on the basis of another certificate or attestation, the certifying officer shall be in possession of the latter document before signing. 4. A certifying officer may certify data which have been:
5. (a) ascertained on the basis of paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of this Annex by another person authorised by the competent authority and acting under the control of the latter authority, provided that the certifying officer can verify the accuracy of the data; or
6. (b) obtained, within the context of monitoring programmes, by reference to officially recognised quality assurance schemes or by means of an epidemiological surveillance system where this is authorised under the relevant veterinary law. 5. The competent authorities of the Parties shall take all necessary steps to ensure the integrity of certification. In particular they shall ensure that certifying officers designated by them:
8. (a) have a status which ensures their impartiality and have no direct commercial interest in the animals or products being certified or in the holdings or establishments in which they originate; and
9. (b) are fully aware of the significance of the contents of each certificate which they sign. 6. Certificates shall be drawn up in order to ensure that a specific certificate refers to a specific consignment in a language understood by the certifying officer and in at least one of the official languages of the importing Party as set out in Part C of this Annex. 7. Each competent authority shall be in a position to link a certificate with the relevant certifying officer and ensure that a copy of all certificates issued is available for a period to be determined by that competent authority. 8. Each Party shall introduce the checks and the controls necessary to prevent the issuing of false or misleading certifications and the fraudulent use of certificates purported to be issued for the purposes set out in the veterinary law.

ANNEX IX

CERTIFICATION

str. 2499. Without prejudice to any judicial proceedings or penalties, the competent authorities shall carry out investigations or checks and take appropriate measures to penalise any instances of false or misleading certification, which are brought to their attention. Such measures may include the temporary suspension of the certifying officers from their duties until the investigation is over. In particular:
2.

str. 250(a) if in the course of the checks it is found that a certifying officer has knowingly issued a fraudulent certificate, the competent authority shall take all necessary steps to ensure, as far as is possible, that the person concerned cannot repeat the offence;
3. (b) if in the course of the checks it is found that an individual or an undertaking has made fraudulent use of or has altered an official certificate, the competent authority shall take all necessary measures to ensure, as far as possible, that the individual or the undertaking cannot repeat the offence. Such measures may include a refusal to issue an official certificate to the person or the undertaking concerned. - B. Certificate referred to in Article 5 8 (2)(a) of this Agreement

The health attestation in the certificate reflects the status of equivalence of the commodity concerned. The health attestation states compliance with the production standards of the exporting Party recognised as equivalent by the importing Party. - C. Official languages for certification
1. Import into the United Kingdom

For plants, plant products and other objects:

The certificates shall be drawn up in a language understood by the certifying officer and in the English language. For animals and animal products:

The health certificate must be drawn up in the English language. 2. Import into Georgia

The health certificate must be drawn up in Georgian, and in E n g l i s h .

United Kingdom

str. 2501. List of reservations on establishment: Annex XI-A 2. List of commitments on cross-border supply of services: Annex XI-B 3. List of reservations on key personnel, graduate trainees and business sellers: Annex XI-C
4. List of reservations on contractual services suppliers and independent professionals: Annex XI-D

Georgia

str. 2505. List of reservations on establishment: Annex XI-E

6. List of commitments on cross-border supply of services: Annex XI-F

7. List of reservations on key personnel, graduate trainees and business sellers: Annex XI-G

8. List of reservations on contractual services suppliers and independent professionals: Annex XI-H

The following abbreviations are used for the purpose of Annexes XI-A, XI-B, XI-C and XI-D:

UK

United Kingdom

The following abbreviation is used for the purpose of Annexes XI-E, XI-F, XI-G and XI-H:

GE

Georgia

ANNEX XI-A

LIST OF RESERVATIONS ON ESTABLISHMENT (United Kingdom)

str. 2501. The list of reservations below indicates the economic activities where reservations to national treatment or most favoured treatment by the United Kingdom pursuant to Article 76(2) of this Agreement apply to establishments and entrepreneurs of Georgia.

str. 251The list is composed of the following elements:

- (a) a list of horizontal reservations applying to all sectors or sub-sectors;
- (b) a list of sector or sub-sector specific reservations indicating the sector or sub-sector concerned along with the reservation(s) applying. A reservation corresponding to an activity which is not liberalised (Unbound) is expressed as follows: 'No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations'. 2. In accordance with Article 73(3) of this Agreement, the list below does not include measures concerning subsidies granted by the Parties. 3. The rights and obligations arising from the list below shall have no self-executing effect and thus confer no rights directly on natural or juridical persons. 4. In accordance with Article 76 of this Agreement, non-discriminatory requirements, such as those concerning the legal form or the obligation to obtain licences or permits applicable to all providers operating on the territory without distinction based on nationality, residency or equivalent criteria, are not listed in this Annex as they are not prejudiced by the Agreement. 5. Where the United Kingdom maintains a reservation that requires that a service supplier be a national, permanent resident or resident of its territory as a condition to the supply of a service in its territory, a reservation listed in Annex XI-C to this Agreement shall operate as a reservation with respect to establishment under this Annex, to the extent applicable.

Most-Favoured Nation

str. 252Such alignment or incorporation shall take place, and shall be deemed to have taken place, only at such time that it has been enacted in the law of the Party or Parties to the regional economic integration agreement.

Public utilities

str. 252Economic activities considered as public utilities at a national or local level may be subject to public monopolies or to exclusive rights granted to private operators ( 1 ).

Types of establishment

str. 252Treatment accorded to subsidiaries (of Georgian companies) formed in accordance with the law of the United Kingdom and having their registered office, central administration or principal place of business within the United Kingdom is not extended to branches or agencies established in the United Kingdom by Georgian companies . (1) Public utilities exist in sectors such as related scientific and technical consulting services, R&D services on social sciences and humanities, technical testing and analysis services, environmental services, health services, transport services and services auxiliary to all modes of transport. Exclusive rights on such services are often granted to private operators, for instance operators with concessions from public authorities, subject to specific service obligations. Given that public utilities often also exist at the sub-central level, detailed and exhaustive sector-specific scheduling is not practical. This reservation does not apply to telecommunications and to computer and related services. .

B. Fishing and Aquaculture

str. 252Access to and use of the biological resources and fishing grounds situated in the maritime waters coming under the sovereignty or within the jurisdiction of United Kingdom may be restricted to fishing vessels flying the flag of the United Kingdom unless otherwise provided for. No national treatment and most favoured nation obligations for the acquisition of United Kingdom flagged vessels, unless the investment is at least 75 % owned by British citizens and/or by companies which are at least 75 % owned by British citizens, in all cases resident and domiciled in the United Kingdom. Vessels must be managed, directed and controlled from within the United Kingdom.

C. Mining and quarrying

str. 252No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations for juridical persons controlled ( 1 ) by natural or juridical persons of a country which accounts for more than 5 % of the United Kingdom's oil or natural gas imports. No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations for direct branching (incorporation is required).

D. Manufacturing

str. 252No national treatment and most favoured national obligations for juridical persons controlled ( 2 ) by natural or juridical persons of a country which accounts for more than 5 % of the United Kingdom's oil or natural gas imports. No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations for direct branching (incorporation is required).

str. 253For production, transmission and distribution on own account of electricity, gas, steam and hot water ( 3 ) (excluding nuclear based electricity generation)

No national treatment and most favoured nation obligations for production of electricity, transmission and distribution of electricity on own account and manufacture of gas, distribution of gaseous fuels.

For production, transmission and distribution of steam and hot water

str. 253No national treatment and most favoured national obligations for juridical persons controlled ( 4 ) by natural or juridical persons of a country which accounts for more than 5 % of the United Kingdom's oil, electricity or natural gas imports. No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations for direct branching (incorporation is required). (1) A juridical person is controlled by other natural or juridical person(s) if the latter has/have the power to name a majority of its directors or otherwise legally direct its actions. In particular, ownership of more than 50 % of the equity interests in a juridical person shall be deemed to constitute control. (2) A juridical person is controlled by other natural or juridical person(s) if the latter has/have the power to name a majority of its directors or otherwise legally direct its actions. In particular, ownership of more than 50 % of the equity interests in a juridical person shall be deemed to constitute control. (3) The horizontal limitation on public utilities applies. (4) A juridical person is controlled by other natural or juridical person(s) if the latter has/have the power to name a majority of its directors or otherwise legally direct its actions. In particular, ownership of more than 50 % of the equity interests in a juridical person shall be deemed to constitute control.

Professional services

str. 253No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to legal advisory and legal documentations and certification services provided by legal professionals entrusted with public functions, such as notaries, and with respect to services provided by bailiffs who are appointed by an official act of government. Full admission to the Bar required for the practice of domestic law, which is subject to a nationality condition and/or residency requirement.

Research and Development services

str. 253For publicly funded Research and Development services, exclusive rights and/or authorisations may only be granted to United Kingdom nationals and to United Kingdom juridical persons having their headquarters in the United Kingdom. Rental/Leasing without Operators

B.

str. 254Relating to aircraft

With respect to rental and leasing relating to aircraft, although waivers can be granted for short term lease contracts, aircraft must be owned either by natural persons meeting specific nationality criteria or by juridical persons meeting specific criteria regarding ownership of capital and control (including nationality of directors).

Other business services

str. 254No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations for supply services of domestic help personnel, other commercial or industrial workers, nursing and other personnel. Residency or commercial presence is required and nationality requirements may exist. For investigation services, no national treatment and most favoured treatment obligations. Residency or commercial presence is required and nationality requirements may exist.

Telecommunication services

str. 254No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment with respect to broadcast transmission services. Broadcasting is defined as the uninterrupted chain of transmission required for the distribution of TV and radio programme signals to the general public, but does not cover contribution links between operators.

4. Distribution services

str. 254No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to distribution of arms, munitions and explosives. Nationality condition and residency requirement applies to operate a pharmacy and operate as a tobacconist.

6. Environmental services

str. 254No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations in respect of the provision of services relating to the collection, purification and distribution of water to household, industrial, commercial or other users, including the provision of drinking water, and water management.

7. Financial services ( 1 )

str. 254Only firms having their registered office in the United Kingdom can act as depositories of the assets of investment funds. The establishment of a specialised management company, having its head office and registered office in the United Kingdom, is required to perform the activities of management of unit trusts and investment companies.

8. Health, Social and Education services

str. 254No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to publicly funded health, social and education services. No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to privately funded other human health services. With respect to privately funded education services, nationality conditions may apply for majority of members of the Board. No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to the provision of privately funded other education services, which means other than those classified as being primary, secondary, higher and adult education services. No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to the provision of privately funded social services other than services relating to Convalescent and Rest Houses and Old People's Homes. No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to the provision of privately- funded ambulance services or privately-funded residential health services other than hospital services.

str. 255(1) The horizontal limitation on the difference in treatment between branches and subsidiaries applies. Foreign branches may only receive an authorisation to operate in the territory of the United Kingdom under the conditions provided for in the relevant legislation of the United Kingdom and may therefore be required to satisfy a number of specific prudential requirements.

Sporting and other recreational services

str. 255No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to gambling and betting services. For legal certainty it is clarified that no market access is granted.

Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural services

str. 255No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment with respect to libraries, archives, museum and other cultural services

Maritime transport

str. 255No national treatment and most favoured treatment obligations for the establishment of a registered company for the purpose of operating a fleet under the national flag of the State of the United Kingdom.

Internal Waterways Transport (1)

str. 255No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to national cabotage transport. Measures based upon existing or future agreements on access to inland waterways reserve some traffic rights for operators based in the United Kingdom and meeting nationality criteria regarding ownership..

Air transport services

str. 255The conditions of mutual market access in air transport shall be dealt with by an agreement or arrangement governing air services between Georgia and the United Kingdom. . No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to the following auxiliary air transport services:

- (a) the selling and marketing of air transport services;
- (b) CRS services; and
- (c) other services auxiliary to air transport, such as ground-handling services and airport operation services, where treatment is pursuant to existing or future bilateral agreements relating to such services. No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations for maintenance and repair of aircrafts and parts, where treatment is pursuant to existing or future trade agreements pursuant to Article V of GATS. Aircraft used by an air carrier of the United Kingdom have to be registered in the United Kingdom. With respect to rental of aircraft with crew, aircraft must be owned either by natural persons meeting specific nationality criteria or by juridical persons meeting specific criteria regarding ownership of capital and control. Aircraft must be operated by air carriers owned either by natural persons meeting specific nationality criteria or by juridical persons meeting specific criteria regarding ownership of capital and control.

str. 256With respect to computer reservation systems (CRS) services, where air carriers of the United Kingdom are not accorded equivalent treatment ( 2 ) to that provided in the United Kingdom by CRS services suppliers outside the United Kingdo m or where CRS services suppliers of the United Kingdom are not accorded equivalent treatment to that provided in the United Kingdom by non-United Kingdom air carriers, measures may be taken to accord equivalent treatment, respectively, to the non-United Kingdom air carriers by the CRS services suppliers in the United Kingdom, or to the nonUnited Kingdom CRS services suppliers by the air carriers in the United Kingdom.

Space transport and rental of space craft

str. 256No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment with respect to the transportation services via space and the rental of space craft

(1) Including Services auxiliary to internal waterways transport. (2) Equivalent treatment implies non-discriminatory treatment of United Kingdom air carriers and United Kingdom CRS services suppliers.

Road transport

str. 256Incorporation (no branches) is required for cabotage operations. Residency is required for the transport manager.

14. Energy services

str. 256No national treatment and most favoured treatment obligations with respect to juridical persons of Georgia controlled ( 1 ) by natural or juridical persons of a country which accounts for more than 5 % of the United Kingdom's oil or natural gas imports ( 2 ), unless the United Kingdom provides comprehensive access to this sector to natural or juridical persons of this country, in the context of an economic integration agreement concluded with that country. No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations for nuclear-based electricity generation and with respect to processing of nuclear fuel. Certification of a transmission system operator which is controlled by a natural or juridical person or persons from a third country or third countries may be refused where the operator has not demonstrated that granting certification will not put at risk the security of energy supply in the United Kingdom, in accordance with Article 11 of Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and Article 11 of Directive 2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas. No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to pipeline transportation of fuels services, other than consultancy services. No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to services incidental to energy distribution, other than consultancy services. (1) A juridical person is controlled by other natural or juridical person(s) if the latter has/have the power to name a majority of its directors or otherwise legally direct its actions. In particular, ownership of more than 50 % of the equity interest in a juridical person shall be deemed to constitute control.

ANNEX XI-B

LIST OF COMMITMENTS ON CROSS-BORDER SUPPLY OF SERVICES (United Kingdom)

13. OTHER TRANSPORT SERVICES

str. 277Provision of Combined Transport Service

None, without prejudice to the limitations inscribed in this List of

ANNEX XI-C

LIST OF RESERVATIONS ON KEY PERSONNEL, GRADUATE TRAINEES AND BUSINESS SELLERS

str. 280- 1 . The list of reservations below indicates the economic activities liberalised pursuant to Sections 2 and 3 of Chapter 6 (Establishment, Trade in Services and Electronic Commerce) of Title IV (Trade and Trade-related Matters) of this Agreement for which limitations on key personnel and graduate trainees in accordance with Article 86 of this Agreement and on business sellers in accordance with Article 87 of this Agreement apply and it specifies such limitations. The list is composed of the following elements:
- (a) the first column indicating the sector or sub-sector in which limitations apply; and
- (b) the second column describing the applicable limitations.

ANNEX XI-D

LIST OF RESERVATIONS ON CONTRACTUAL SERVICES SUPPLIERS AND INDEPENDENT PROFESSIONALS (UNITED KINGDOM)

str. 2831. The Parties shall allow the supply of services into their territories by contractual service suppliers and independent professionals of the other Party through the presence of

ANNEX XI-E

LIST OF RESERVATIONS ON ESTABLISHMENT (GEORGIA) ( 1 )

str. 2861. The list below indicates the economic activities where reservations to national treatment or most favoured nation treatment by Georgia pursuant to Article 76(1) of this Agreement apply to establishments and entrepreneurs of the United Kingdom. The list is composed of the following elements:

- (a) a list of horizontal reservations applying to all sectors or sub-sectors and
- (b) a list of sector or sub-sector specific reservations indicating the sector or sub-sector concerned along with the reservation(s) applying.

str. 287A reservation corresponding to an activity which is not liberalised (Unbound) is expressed as follows: 'No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations'. In the sectors, where reservation is not made by Georgia, country undertakes obligations of Article 76(1) of this Agreement without reservations (the absence of reservation in a given sector is without prejudice to horizontal reservations). 2. In accordance with Article 7 3 (3) of this Agreement, the list below does not include measures concerning subsidies granted by the Parties. 3. The rights and obligations arising from the list below shall have no self-executing effect and thus confer no rights directly on natural or juridical persons. 4. In accordance with Article 76 of this Agreement, non-discriminatory requirements, such as those concerning the legal form or the obligation to obtain licenses or permits applicable to all providers operating on the territory without distinction based on nationality, residency or equivalent criteria, are not listed in this Annex as they are not prejudiced by the Agreement. 5. Where Georgia maintains a reservation that requires that a service supplier be a national, permanent resident or resident of its territory as a condition to the supply of a service in its territory, a reservation listed in Annex XI-G to this Agreement shall operate as a reservation with respect to establishment under this Annex, to the extent applicable.

Most-Favoured Nation

Subsidies

str. 288Eligibility for subsidies may be limited to persons established in a particular geographical sub-division of Georgia.

Privatization

str. 288An organization, in which the Government's share exceeds 25 %, has no right to participate as a buyer in privatization process (market access limitation). At least one manager of a 'corporation with limited liability' must have his domicile in Georgia. The establishment of a branch requires a representative (natural person) with domicile in Georgia who is duly authorised by the company to fully represent it. (1) This document is prepared based on WTO Services Sectoral Classification List (MTN.GNS/W/120) of 10 July 1991.

Real estate purchase

str. 288Unbound except for the following:

- (i) to buy non-agricultural land;
- (ii) to buy buildings needed to conduct services activities;
- (iii) leasing of agricultural land no more than 49 years, and non-agricultural land no more than 99 years;
- (iv) to buy agricultural land by joint ventures.

Fishing

str. 288No market access, national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to fishing. Access to Georgian waters for fish catches is granted on the basis of reciprocity.

Business Services

str. 288- -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to transplants and autopsy (9312). - -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to other professional services (1,A(k)) ( 1* ). - -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to services incidental to agri­ culture, hunting and forestry (CPC 881, excl. 88110). - -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to services incidental to manu­ facture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel, on a fee or contract basis (CPC 8845). - -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to aerial photography (part of CPC 87504).

Communication Services

str. 288- -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to postal services (CPC 7511). - -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to services related to combined program making and broadcasting services (CPC 96133). - -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to program transmission services (CPC 7524). - -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to other communication services (2,E)*.

Construction and Related Engineering Services

str. 288Not less than 50 % of the entire staff must be Georgian citizens.

str. 289( 1* ) Classification of the service according to WTO Services Sectoral Classification List (MTN.GNS/W/120) of 10 July 1991.

Distribution Services

str. 289No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to other distribution services (4,E)*.

Educational Services

str. 289- -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to publicly funded secondary education services (CPC 922). - -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to publicly funded higher education services (CPC 923). - -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to other education services (CPC 929).

Financial Services

str. 289- -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to other financial services, including workers compensation (7,C)*.

Health related and Social Services

str. 289- -The knowledge of Georgian language (the State language) is obligatory for doctors working in Georgia. - -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to other health related and social services (8,D)*.

Tourism and Travel related Services

str. 289No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to other tourism and travel related services (9,D)*.

Recreational, Cultural and Sporting Services

str. 289No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to other recreational, cultural and sporting services (10,E)*.

Transport Services

str. 289- -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to passenger transportation by maritime transport (CPC 7211) and supporting services for maritime transport (part of CPC 745). - -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to air transport services, including passenger transportation (CPC 731), freight transportation (CPC 732), rental of aircraft with crew (CPC 734) and supporting services for air transport (CPC 746). - -Rail Transport Services (CPC 7111, CPC 7112 and CPC 7113) - Railroad infrastructure is the state property and its exploitation is a monopoly. None for rail transport. - -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to supporting services for rail transport services (CPC 743). - -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to road transport services, including passenger transportation (CPC 7121 and CPC 7122), rental of commercial vehicles with operator (CPC 7124) and supporting services for road transport (CPC 744). Bilateral road transport agreements on the basis of reciprocity, which allow the respective countries to carry out international transportation of passengers and cargo. - -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to pipeline transport, including transportation of fuels (CPC 7131) and transportation of other goods (CPC 7139). - -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to other transport services (11,I)*. - -No national treatment and most favoured nation treatment obligations with respect to other services not included elsewhere (CPC 95, CPC 97, CPC 98 and CPC99).

ANNEX XI-F

LIST OF COMMITMENTS ON CROSS-BORDER SUPPLY OF SERVICES (GEORGIA) ( 1 )

str. 291confer no rights directly to individual natural persons or juridical persons. 7. Mode 1 and Mode 2 refer to the means of the supply of services as described in points (i) and (ii) of p oi nt ( m) of Article 74 of this Agreement respectively.

Horizontal reservations

str. 291Unbound for subsidies

Sector reservations

ANNEX XI-G

LIST OF RESERVATIONS ON KEY PERSONNEL, GRADUATE TRAINEES AND BUSINESS SELLERS ( 1 ) (GEORGIA)

str. 311|

( 1 ) * Classification of the service according to WTO Services Sectoral Classification List (MTN.GNS/W/120) of 10 July 1991.

ANNEX XI-H

LIST OF RESERVATIONS ON CONTRACTUAL SERVICES SUPPLIERS AND INDEPENDENT PROFESSIONALS ( 1 ) (GEORGIA)

str. 312where economic needs tests are applied, their main criteria will be the assessment of the relevant market situation in Georgia or the region where the service is to be provided, including with respect to the number of, and the impact on, existing services suppliers. 10. The rights and obligations arising from the list below shall have no self-executing effect and thus confer no rights directly on natural or juridical persons. 11. The Parties shall allow the supply of services into their territory by independent professionals of the other Party through presence of natural persons, subject to the conditions specified in Article 89 of this Agreement, in the following sectors:
10. (a) Legal services (Including consultancy on home country law and international law) (CPC 861)
11. (b) Architectural services (CPC 8671)

( 1 ) This document is prepared based on WTO Services Sectoral Classification List (MTN.GNS/W/120) of 10 July 1991. - (c) Engineering services (CPC 8672)
- (d) Integrated engineering services (CPC 8673)
- (e) Urban planning and Landscape architectural services (CPC 8674*)
- (f) Computer and Related Services
- (g) Management consulting services (CPC 865)
- (h) Services related to Management consulting (CPC 866)
- (i) Others business services (CPC 879)

Sector reservations